Manihot Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae) - CNCFlora

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Systematic Position of the Genus 29 pistillate basal, opening first, the staminate apical, opening later. Pistillate flower hypogynous; perianth of 5 separate, strap-shaped tepals, red, green or purplish, pubescent along inner margins, and frequently with a tuft of hairs at the interior apex; ovary subtended by a nonlobed disc, 3 carpellate, glabrous, style short, with 3 finely dissected stigmas. Staminate flower with a 5 lobed perianth of tepals united about half the length, glabrous externally, pubescent internally; stamens usually 10 (infrequently 8) in 2 whorls, 5 short and 5 longer, the filaments slender, glabrous, arising between the lobes of the basal disc, supporting versatile anthers; pollen 3-colpate, large, sticky, with spine-covered exine, in some cultivars sterile. Fruit a schizocarp, usually winged, but sometimes smooth-surfaced; dehiscence septicidal and loculicidal, leaving a central stalk. Seeds carunculate, elongate or rounded, variously marked, mottled brown and light brown, or plain. Detailed Cultivar Description. Surface of tuberous roots most frequently rough but often smooth. External root color most frequently brown, dark brown or reddish brown but often light brown, tan or light tan, seldom light brown-yellow, pinkish white, light pink or pink or pinkish brown or pinkish tan. Root flesh usually white to cream, sometimes cream-yellow or yellow, rarely with some pink intermixed. Stems commonly brown, but often silver, sometimes yellow, seldom silver-brown. Storey length usually 9 to 20 cm, but sometimes short, 4-8 cm or long, 21-28 cm. Scars on stem usually either slightly raised or moderately raised, sometimes very large, seldom not raised (stem smooth). Stems most frequently more than two-branched, but commonly with one or two branches (excluding any branches at the top), less frequently unbranched, or a single branch at the top. Leaves with basic number of lobes odd, but occasionally with an even number of lobes; most frequently 7 or 8 lobed, sometimes 9 or 10 lobed, occasionally 5 or 6 lobed, rarely 3 or 4 lobed, or variable, 3, 4, and 5 lobed, or 4, 5, or 6 lobed. Leaf lobe shape prevalently obovate but sometimes linear; margins of obovate leaves usually simple, sometimes sinuous and rarely pandurate, of linear-shaped lobes, margins commonly sinuous, occasionally simple, rarely pandurate. Length of median lobe most frequently long, greater than 17 cm, often of moderate length, 14 to 17 cm and occasionally short, less than 14 cm. Width of median lobe predominantly moderate, 2.6 cm to 4.8 cm, sometimes narrow, 1.5 cm to 2.4 cm, or wide, 5 cm or more. Petioles mostly green, frequently red, occasionally reddish green, seldom greenish red. Young foliage most frequently green, often reddish blue, sometimes bluish green. Fig 6A, B, C, D; 7A, B. TYPE. Fig 4 & Fig 5 in Merian, Dissertatio de generatione et metamorphosibus insectorum Surinamensium. 1726. (Lectotype selected by Rogers & Appan in accordance with Art. 9, Intern. Code Bot. Nomen. Crantz, while describing Manihot esculenta, does not cite any specimen but cites Merian's figures). DISTRIBUTION. Manihot esculenta, as a cultigen, is cultivated in all tropical countries of the world. The species is not known in a purely wild state. The limitations upon its growth are largely those of low temperature. In some subtropical areas, the cultigen is raised where there are a few periods of frost, but in these areas, the crop is of little economic significance. For this reason, we have cited only specimens which were selected to indicate the range of variability within the species. The collections made by Rogers form a part of the monographic study of the species, published separately (Rogers and Fleming, 1973), and all are deposited in the herbarium of the National Arboretum, Washington, D.C. An outline of the classification of the subspecific "groups" is given at the end of this section. (Table II). Other specimens cited are those confined to the Western Hemisphere, and were chosen because they represent the more important variations within the species. The crop is American in origin, and specimens from other areas of the world do not vary significantly from those we have selected. MEXICO. Tamauli-
30 Flora Neotropica , ~.....i& , " Vi-,~~~ [ W C - . FIG 6. Manihot esculenta. A, the plant; B, variegated leaf (Rogers s n); C, leaf showing slightly pandurate lobes (Rogers 440, NA); D, leaf showing obovate lobes (Rogers 464, NA). i
Page 1 and 2: Organization for Flora Neotropica M
Page 3 and 4: Copyright ? 1973 HAFNER PRESS Publi
Page 5 and 6: 2 Flora Neotropica played a fundame
Page 7 and 8: 4 Flora Neotropica 1827 Pohl, J. E.
Page 9 and 10: 6 Flora Neotropica cultivated plant
Page 11 and 12: 8 Flora Neotropica organs. This is
Page 13 and 14: 10 Flora Neotropica TABLE I Charact
Page 15 and 16: 12 Flora Neotropica TABLE I (contin
Page 17 and 18: 14 Flora Neotropica TABLE I (contin
Page 19 and 20: 16 Flora Neotropica ? ' ., ~.~ "::
Page 21 and 22: 18 Flora Neotropica specimen for ac
Page 23 and 24: 20 Flora Neotropica Leaves alternat
Page 25 and 26: 22 Flora Neotropica s ~t Sg~~~~~~~~
Page 27 and 28: 24 Flora Neotropica 16. Lamina memb
Page 29 and 30: ~ 26 Flora Neotropica o L 0
Page 31: 28 Flora Neotropica Manihot esculen
Page 35 and 36: 32 Flora Neotropica Ule 7645 (MG, U
Page 37 and 38: 34 Flora Neotropica sprucei Pax, an
Page 39 and 40: 36 Flora Neotropica Manibot sect He
Page 41 and 42: 38 Flora Neotropica aJJg~~~~~~~~~~~
Page 43 and 44: 40 Flora Neotropica ,- ~~~~~~~ "'%j
Page 45 and 46: t c? *r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Page 47 and 48: 44 Flora Neotropica - A~~ AI ii ' D
Page 49 and 50: 46 Flora Neotropica its leaves duri
Page 51 and 52: 48 Flora Neotropica the middle, dic
Page 53 and 54: 50 Flora Neotropica (COLO-2, F-2, G
Page 55 and 56: 52 Flora Neotropica r I C D '', " F
Page 57 and 58: 54 Flora Neotropica _,._ ,' X I /'"
Page 59 and 60: 56 2m.al~ .~~~~~~~1 A .. "C~~~~~~~~
Page 61 and 62: 58 Flora Neotropica ,~. 1 ' /1 _ ',
Page 63 and 64: 60 Flora Neotropica 1962; Webster,
Page 65 and 66: 62 Flora Neotropica Lyonnet 301 (NY
Page 67 and 68: 64 Flora Neotropica '- ' i ..:.:. _
Page 69 and 70: 66 Flora Neotropica C . ,i .~ ,s~ %
Page 71 and 72: 68 Flora Neotropica Key to the Spec
Page 73 and 74: 70 Flora Neotropica 1897. Guanajuat
Page 75 and 76: 72 Flora Neotropica a more or less
Page 77 and 78: 74 Flora Neotropica surface not shi
Page 79 and 80: 76 Flora Neotropica Trees. Young st
Page 81 and 82: 78 Flora Neotropica membranaceous,
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80 Flora Neotropica Inflorescence a
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82 Flora Neotropica towards the ape
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84 Flora Neotropica 22a. Manihot tr
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86 Flora Neotropica This subspecies
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88 Flora Neotropica Nov 1965; Roger
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90 Flora Neotropica conservatories,
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92 Flora Neotropica Manihot brasili
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94 Flora Neotropica nonpeltate; aba
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96 Flora Neotropica The number of s
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98 Flora Neotropica white bloom; br
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100 Flora Neotropica 56) in an obse
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102 Flora Neotropica pubescent, cle
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104 Flora Neotropica tion. FIG 41.
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106 Flora Neotropica FIG 42. Manibo
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108 Flora Neotropica to lamina basa
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110 Flora Neotropica pandurate or r
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112 Flora Neotropica 1932. Tucuman:
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114 Flora Neotropica Jatropha janip
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116 Flora Neotropica "..., \j _-_4
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118 Flora Neotropica petioles ca 15
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120 Flora Neotropica 1LI? Cf? ,' Z
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122 Flora Neotropica i ''~~~~~~~~~~
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124 Flora Neotropica TYPE. Pohl 734
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126 Flora Neotropica FIG 53. Maniho
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128 Flora Neotropica 223-AP. 1 / {'
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130 Flora Neotropica The specimens
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132 Flora Neotropica lamina palmate
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134 46a. Manihot violacea Pohl subs
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136 Flora Neotropica 47. Manihot ja
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138 I: = Flora Neotropica F~IG iegn
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140 Flora Neotropica '-. 'd.4n !.4
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142 Flora Neotropica FIG . M a n i
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o I 'L 1 ` \ : / FIG 62. Manibot se
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146 Flora Neotropica 9 L 1 1.?1 !1
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148 Flora Neotropica 4,- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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150 Flora Neotropica 1Cc B ~~~~~~~'
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152 Flora Neotropica :/ ,..~~~~~~~.
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154 Flora Neotropica C -A I/ /1 ? C
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156 X - / . " Flora Neotropica FIG
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158 Flora Neotropica reticulate; ve
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160 Flora Neotropica UB, US-2) Cerr
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162 Flora Neotropica I 0 0 '..,.r,
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? c--" 2"- I- "" X' j *' -t- F '~~~
Page 169 and 170:
166 Flora Neotropica -C Ii. . i i~,
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Page 173 and 174:
170 Flora Neotropica staminate buds
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172 Flora Neotropica 10191 (LIL, US
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}?\???)? **^^ ' /, i (, 7 I.M f ran
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176 Flora Neotropica , , ..1.. m "
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FI 8 G ............................
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180 Flora Neotropica 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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182 Flora Neotropica into 5 lobes;
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184 Flora Neotropica a I. cence !q
Page 189 and 190:
186 Flora Neotropica p|- p I. S -.
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188 Flora Neotropica r, o _ t i_ ;
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190 Flora Neotropica Manihot sect P
Page 195 and 196:
192 Flora Neotropica .' '.: :. :' "
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194 Flora Neotropica wax pattern, v
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196 Flora Neotropica 468 (F, G, K,
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198 Flora Neotropica 157 U. i! AI .
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''* '> .." ' . .., /? I J*" ' - ??
Page 205 and 206:
202 Flora Neotropica 4984, UC). T _
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204 Flora Neotropica ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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206 Flora Neotropica Jan 1968; Mace
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208 Flora Neotropica Very short, ne
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210 Flora Neotropica Very short, ne
Page 215 and 216:
212 Flora Neotropica DISTRIBUTION.
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!: '" . D' I , ~:'~)L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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216 Flora Neotropica 27 k " ? .: .:
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-1~~~~~~ i , FIG 104. Manihot sect
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220 Flora Neotropica BRASIL. Mato G
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224 Flora Neotropica _ _ ?^^^^^...
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eE- ~........ ' t-0 i ',K 6?~~~~~~~
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228 Flora Neotropica ,i ~~~~~~~~~~~
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230 Flora Neotropica DISTRIBUTION.
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f ' * S s. - .. -- X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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234 Flora Neotropica Manihot tripar
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236 Flora Neotropica Santa, Dec 195
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238 Flora Neotropica Pax lists Robe
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_.- \ ~ [' i ~ ~ .j ?~.:.:. --/ _:.
Page 245 and 246:
242 Flora Neotropica Key to the Sub
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244 Flora Neotropica TYPE. Martius
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246 Flora Neotropica i '*:1, .! 2;
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248 Flora Neotropica to nearly obco
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250 Flora Neotropica --" . T - FIG
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252 Flora Neotropica Manihot curcas
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254 Flora Neotropica Nordenskiold,
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256 Flora Neotropica 62. M. anomala
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258 Flora Neotropica 1780 (1-66); 1
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260 Flora Neotropica 13203 (1-27);
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262 Flora Neotropica Killip, E. P.
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264 Flora Neotropica Palmer, L. H.
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266 Flora Neotropica Schomburgk, R.
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268 Flora Neotropica Adenoropium tr
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270 Flora Neotropica enneaphylla 88
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272 Flora Neotropica Rogers & Appan
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cNr ( r-r nu )0m Cr m ^ Lo cm ( r o
Page 279 and 280:
1. 00 0 - , ' t t N S D - .-' C IS)
Page 281:
51 2,12 8 27 2 3;19 30=4;13,12 33=1
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Manihot Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae) - CNCFlora

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