SUDAN: Durable solutions elusive as southern IDPs return and ...

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“Most of the existing schools in peripheral areas where IDPs live are built of local materials, have serious shortages of materials and teachers, and no water and sanitation facilities” (2009 Work Plan for Sudan, November 2008, p.203; see also Watchlist, April 2007; Assal, March 2006). Some reports state that the quality of teaching in schools attended by IDP children has generally become very poor (Landinfo, November 2008, p.12). The Watchlist notes that many IDP children cannot attend school because they have to work to contribute to the family income (Watchlist, April 2007, p.16). The problem is compounded by IDP families’ inability to pay school fees (for example, Assal noted that in Al Salam camp, school fees were very high: each student had to pay not only enrolment fees but also monthly fees and additional fees imposed by local authorities and school management (Assal, March 2006, p.20). Livelihood opportunities There is a lack of livelihood opportunities for IDPs living in and around Khartoum, and unemployment is high among IDPs. Access to formal employment is particularly difficult for those without identity papers (Aegis Trust, June 2006, p.11). As a result, more than 80 per cent of IDPs in Khartoum are reported to be working outside the formal labour market (Landinfo, November 2008, p.13). Assal estimated that 90 per cent of the IDP population in Al Salam camp, most of whom were illiterate and unskilled, were unable to obtain any kind of job (Assal, March 2006, p.22). The 2006 IOM survey included people between the ages of 15 and 64 in the working-age population, whereas those between the ages of 0-14 were defined as children. The survey found that 18.4 per cent of Khartoum’s IDPs were employed, and, in North Sudan in general, 19.7 per cent were employed, 12.4 per cent were housewives, 31.5 per cent were students and 22.1 per cent were children under age of 14 (IOM, September 2006, p.32). The Tufts-IDMC survey found that IDPs' chances of finding employment were significantly correlated with education. IDPs with secondary school or university education were more likely to be in full-time employment or to be self-employed, whereas illiterate IDPs were more likely to be housewives or casually employed (Tufts-IDMC, August 2008, p.10). Assal states that IDPs who are in employment primarily work in the agricultural sector, in smallscale commerce and in the building industry (Landinfo, November 2008, p.13). According to Assal, the 10 per cent of IDPs in the Al Salam camp who were able to find employment mostly found jobs with the police, in schools in the camp, and in factories outside the camp area (Assal, March 2006, p.22). Landinfo also points out that even where IDPs have jobs, their salaries are often insufficient to cover the needs of their families, and that some IDP families have to subsist on only one meal during the day (Assal, March 2006, p. 22). Similarly, the 2006 IOM survey found that 16 per cent of adult IDPs and 9.4 per cent of IDP children only had one meal per day (IOM, September 2006, p.34-35). The GoS study on IDPs in Khartoum, pubished in April 2010, found that while the major employment for IDPs before displacement was cultivation, once in urban centres IDPs acquired new emplyment as reflected in the table below (GoS, 9 April 2010): 116
The lack of livelihood opportunities for IDPs remains a cause for grave concern, not least because it leaves IDPs vulnerable to exploitation. IDP women are at risk of sexual exploitation, while others resort to self-reliance activities that are illegal (such as brewing beer), resulting in arrests and detentions (with payments of fines frequently required to secure release from detention). IDP children are at risk of becoming street children or may be forced into child labor, begging, or sexual transactions. They may also become victims of trafficking (UNHCR, November 2007, p.9 and January 2008, p.8 ; Watchlist, April 2007, p.15; ODI, August 2007, p.18). The demolitions of IDP settlements carried out by the authorities from 1991 onwards, and the relocation of IDPs to areas on the distant outskirts of Khartoum, have created further obstacles for IDPs in terms of accessing livelihood opportunities. Vulnerable groups of IDPs have been particularly affected by the demolitions and relocations, including female-headed households. (For more information on the demolitions and their impact, see the section on property rights of IDPs in Khartoum.) It must be noted that despite the lack of livelihoods opportunities, many IDPs have decided to stay in Khartoum, because they perceive the economic opportunities in Khartoum to be better than in the rest of the country, including their areas of origin (Landinfo, November 2008, p.13). The Tufts-IDMC survey found that IDPs and non-displaced urban poor in Khartoum face similar difficulties in terms of accessing employment (Tufts-IDMC, August 2008, pp.9-10). Land and property From 1991 onwards, the authorities have carried out demolitions of IDP settlements in Khartoum, with the intention to sell plots to those who can pay and relocate those who cannot afford to pay for a plot. The first demolitions took place in 1991, with the creation of the four official IDP camps, followed by the re-planning of Angola camp in 1994 and the re-planning of Haj Yousif camp in 1998. From 2004 onwards, the demolitions and forced evictions intensified: of the estimated 117
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SUDAN: Durable solutions elusive as
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CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 OVERVIEW 6 DURA
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LACK OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 114
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southern governments lack commitmen
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Dinka Ngok population and 23 per ce
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areas that researchers from the UK
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support the policy. The SSRC’s ro
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CAUSES, BACKGROUND AND PATTERNS OF
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south is given the option of choosi
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esources were among the factors tha
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Southern Sudan. Southern Sudanese w
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Tensions remain high in the area: t
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"In May 2006, the GoS and a faction
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"The expulsions will also have impl
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50,000 non-Arab communities before
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From the mid-1980s, the Congress’
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"In addition to the conflict in the
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Kassala n/a Red Sea n/a Total State
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Sudan plus Southern Kordofan and Ab
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See also the map "LRA Reported Atta
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New displacement in 2010 "Since Jan
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UNHCR December 2009 United Nations
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According to UNMIS, as of December
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It is noteworthy that according to
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following figures, which indicate t
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"A total of 1,161 villages were ass
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- The Lord Resistance Army (LRA) (S
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The following table shows the break
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ANLA 2009 34% 27% 19% Results of th
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households that are IDPs (15%) or a
Page 61 and 62:
under five in the surveyed area wer
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Livelihoods South Sudan Annual Need
Page 65 and 66: Education The 2010 Work Plan for Su
Page 67 and 68: to Juba, preferring to be unemploye
Page 69 and 70: shortcoming is most evident in the
Page 71 and 72: Family Life, Participation, Access
Page 73 and 74: Recruitment and use of children by
Page 75 and 76: THE THREE AREAS Overview Humanitari
Page 77 and 78: Border demarcation Chatham House re
Page 79 and 80: 3) Even where school buildings are
Page 81 and 82: DARFUR Physical Security and Integr
Page 83 and 84: efforts to implement its mandate. W
Page 85 and 86: OCHA, Situation Report No. 4 (28 Ma
Page 87 and 88: By September 2009, 40 per cent of t
Page 89 and 90: found to be 15.6 percent (compared
Page 91 and 92: the Masalit and the Fur. The area a
Page 93 and 94: other Darfur Peace Agreement signat
Page 95 and 96: Urban migrants constitute an invisi
Page 97 and 98: in making choices about how to resp
Page 99 and 100: violence, alcohol abuse, involvemen
Page 101 and 102: number of constituencies allocated
Page 103 and 104: of sexual violence remain unreporte
Page 105 and 106: This is particularly important beca
Page 107 and 108: 26. Most children were killed or in
Page 109 and 110: There are also high maternal morbid
Page 111 and 112: KHARTOUM Physical Security and Inte
Page 113 and 114: Basic necessities of life Khartoum
Page 115: while existing services fell short
Page 119 and 120: given for free, so there is much de
Page 121 and 122: The electoral law presented particu
Page 123 and 124: "There are still no official number
Page 125 and 126: DURABLE SOLUTIONS (RETURN, LOCAL IN
Page 127 and 128: Local integration (settlement in th
Page 129 and 130: Jidad, Western Darfur, where the in
Page 131 and 132: Since the signing of the Comprehens
Page 133 and 134: "The Sudanese government is failing
Page 135 and 136: As at 20 March 2010, 9,855 of the a
Page 137 and 138: The UN Secretary-General in his 29
Page 139 and 140: Amnesty International (AI), October
Page 141 and 142: Darfur Relief and Documentation Cen
Page 143 and 144: Internet : http://www.internaldispl
Page 145 and 146: Internet : http://www.iwpr.net/?p=a
Page 149 and 150: Joint Assessment Mission (JAM), 18
Page 151 and 152: Overseas Development Institute (ODI
Page 155 and 156: Internet : http://www.sudantribune.
Page 159 and 160: UN Office for the Coordination of H
Page 161 and 162: United Nations and partners, 18 Dec
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