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244 Part IV: Hacking Operating Systems Attacks In a buffer-overflow attack, the attacker either manually sends strings of information to the victim Linux machine or writes a script to do so. These strings contain the following: ✓ Instructions to the processor to basically do nothing. ✓ Malicious code to replace the attacked process. For example, exec (“/bin/sh”) creates a shell command prompt. ✓ A pointer to the start of the malicious code in the memory buffer. If an attacked application (such as FTP or RPC) is running as root (certain programs do), this situation can give attackers root permissions in their remote shells. Specific examples of vulnerable software running on Linux are Samba, MySQL, and Firefox. Depending on the version, this software can be exploited using commercial or free tools such as Metasploit (www.metasploit.com) to obtain remote command prompts, add backdoor user accounts, change ownership of files, and more. I cover Metasploit in Chapter 10. Countermeasures against buffer-overflow attacks Three main countermeasures can help prevent buffer-overflow attacks: ✓ Disable unneeded services. ✓ Protect your Linux systems with either a firewall or a host-based intrusion prevention system (IPS). ✓ Enable another access control mechanism, such as TCP Wrappers, that authenticates users with a password. Don’t just enable access controls via an IP address or hostname. That can easily be spoofed. As always, make sure that your systems have been updated with the latest kernel and security patches. Checking Physical Security Some Linux vulnerabilities involve the bad guy actually being at the system console — something that’s entirely possible given the insider threats that every organization faces.
Figure 12-11: /etc/inittab showing the line that allows a Ctrl+Alt+ Delete shutdown. Physical security hacks Chapter 12: Linux When a hacker is at the system console, anything goes, including rebooting the system (even if no one is logged in) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete. After the system is rebooted, the hacker can start it in single-user mode, which allows the hacker to zero out the root password or possibly even read the entire shadow password file. I cover password cracking in Chapter 7. Countermeasures against physical security attacks Edit your /etc/inittab file and comment out (place a # sign in front of) the line that reads ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now, shown in the last line of Figure 12-11. These changes will prevent someone from rebooting the system by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Be forewarned that this will also prevent you from legitimately using Ctrl+Alt+Delete. For Linux-based laptops, use disk encryption software, such as TrueCrypt (www.truecrypt.org), or the commercial offerings from WinMagic (www. winmagic.com) and Symantec (www.symantec.com). If you don’t, when a laptop is lost or stolen, you could very well have a data breach on your hands and all the state, federal, compliance, and disclosure law requirements that go along with it. Not good! 245
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Hacking FOR DUMmIES‰ 4TH EDITION
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About the Author Kevin Beaver is an
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Mega thanks to Queensrÿche, Rush,
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Table of Contents Performing Social
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Table of Contents Gathering Informa
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Table of Contents Part VI: Ethical
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Introduction W elcome to Hacking Fo
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Introduction Before you start hacki
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Introduction well-known vulnerabili
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Part I Building the Foundation for
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Ethical H
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethical
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Obeying the Ethical Hacking Command
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Formulating your plan Chapter 1: In
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Chapter 2 Cracking the Hacker Minds
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Malicious attackers often think and
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Chapter 2: Cracking the Hacker Mind
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In This Chapter Chapter 3 Developin
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Chapter 3: Developing Your Ethical
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Attack tree analysis is the process
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Timing Chapter 3: Developing Your E
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In This Chapter Chapter 4 Hacking M
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology no o
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology ✓
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology One
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology test
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Figure 4-1: Netcraft’s web server
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology docu
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Penetrating the System Chapter 4: H
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Part II Putting Ethical Hacking in
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In This Chapter ▶ Discovering soc
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering A cas
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering Socia
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering Regar
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering years
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✓ Threatening reprimands if reque
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering In so
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering reque
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In This Chapter Chapter 6 Physical
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Chapter 6: Physical Security A Q&A
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Do
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Do
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Chapter 6: Physical Security cellul
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Ke
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In This Chapter ▶ Identifying pas
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Chapter 7: Passwords A case study i
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Chapter 7: Passwords The National V
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Chapter 7: Passwords they should’
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Chapter 7: Passwords ✓ John the R
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Chapter 7: Passwords Dictionary att
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Chapter 7: Passwords this password
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Chapter 7: Passwords Cracking UNIX/
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Chapter 7: Passwords The financial
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Chapter 7: Passwords (www.identityf
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Chapter 7: Passwords Weak BIOS pass
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Storing passwords Chapter 7: Passwo
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Chapter 7: Passwords your systems.
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Linux and UNIX Chapter 7: Passwords
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Part III Hacking Network Hosts
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In This Chapter ▶ Selecting tools
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure U
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure I
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure 3
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Figure 8-3: NetScan- Tools Pro OS F
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Figure 8-5: Management interface us
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure W
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure C
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Figure 8-8: Connecting a network an
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Figure 8-9: OmniPeek can help uncov
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure N
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Figure 8-12: Selecting your victim
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UNIX-based systems Chapter 8: Netwo
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure W
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure C
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Figure 8-14: Cisco Global Exploiter
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In This Chapter ▶ Understanding r
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A case study with Joshua Wright on
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Discovering Wireless LANs Figure 9-
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Figure 9-3: NetStumbler displays de
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You undoubtedly have various Blueto
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs Airodump a
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Figure 9-8: Using Elcomsoft Wireles
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Figure 9-10: The Reaver startup win
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Figure 9-12: NetStumbler showing po
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Figure 9-15: CommView for Wifi show
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs ✓ If pos
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Figure 9-17: Looking for the MAC ad
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Figure 9-19: Ensure that your SSID
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs encryption
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In This Chapter Chapter 10 Mobile D
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices You have
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Figure 10-3: Usernames extracted vi
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices Power-on
Page 211 and 212: Figure 10-5: iOS Forensic Toolkit
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Page 215 and 216: Part IV Hacking Operating Systems
Page 217 and 218: In This Chapter ▶ Port scanning W
Page 219 and 220: Choosing Tools Chapter 11: Windows
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 11: Windows Windows XP SP2
Page 223 and 224: Figure 11-2: Gathering detailed vul
Page 225 and 226: Figure 11-5: Using LanGuard to scan
Page 227 and 228: Figure 11-6: Mapping a null session
Page 229 and 230: ✓ Local usernames ✓ Drive share
Page 231 and 232: Figure 11-9: Default local security
Page 233 and 234: Figure 11-10: Using LanGuard’s sh
Page 235 and 236: Figure 11-11: Exploitable vulnerabi
Page 237 and 238: Figure 11-13: Browsing the availabl
Page 239 and 240: Figure 11-17: Checking final parame
Page 241 and 242: Figure 11-19: Metasploit Pro’s gr
Page 243 and 244: Running Authenticated Scans Figure
Page 245 and 246: In This Chapter ▶ Examining Linux
Page 247 and 248: Chapter 12: Linux A tool such as Qu
Page 249 and 250: Figure 12-3: LanGuard revealing use
Page 251 and 252: Figure 12-6: Using NetScan Tools Pr
Page 253 and 254: Figure 12-7: Using Nmap to check ap
Page 255 and 256: Figure 12-9: Viewing the process ID
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Page 259 and 260: Chapter 12: Linux ✓ Block spoofed
Page 261: Chapter 12: Linux Manual testing Th
Page 265 and 266: Figure 12-13: Partial output of the
Page 267 and 268: Part V Hacking Applications
Page 269 and 270: In This Chapter ▶ Attacking e-mai
Page 271 and 272: E-mail bombs Chapter 13: Communicat
Page 273 and 274: Figure 13-1: Limiting the number of
Page 275 and 276: Figure 13-4: smtpscan gathers versi
Page 277 and 278: Figure 13-7: Using EmailVerify to v
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 13: Communication and Messa
Page 281 and 282: Manual testing Chapter 13: Communic
Page 283 and 284: Figure 13-11: Critical information
Page 291 and 292: Figure 13-15: SiVuS discovered seve
Page 293 and 294: Figure 13-16: Using Cain & Abel to
Page 295 and 296: In This Chapter Chapter 14 Websites
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Page 299 and 300: Figure 14-1: Using HTTrack to crawl
Page 301 and 302: Countermeasures against directory t
Page 303 and 304: Figure 14-2: Using Firefox Web Deve
Page 305 and 306: Figure 14-3: Using SPI Proxy to fin
Page 307 and 308: Figure 14-4: WebInspect discovered
Page 309 and 310: Figure 14-7: Script code reflected
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Figure 14-9: URL returns an error w
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Figure 14-11: The Brutus tool for t
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Chapter 14: Websites and Applicatio
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Chapter 14: Websites and Applicatio
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Figure 14-13: Using CxDeveloper to
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Chapter 15 Databases and Storage Sy
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The Situation Chapter 15: Databases
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Figure 15-2: Using Cain & Abel to c
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Chapter 15: Databases and Storage S
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Figure 15-3: Using FileLocator Pro
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Chapter 15: Databases and Storage S
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Part VI Ethical Hacking Aftermath
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In This Chapter Chapter 16 Reportin
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Chapter 16: Reporting Your Results
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✓ Summary of the vulnerabilities
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In This Chapter Chapter 17 Plugging
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Patch management Chapter 17: Pluggi
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I was once involved in an incident
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Chapter 18 Managing Security Proces
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Chapter 18: Managing Security Proce
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Part VII The Part of Tens
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Chapter 19 Ten Tips for Getting Upp
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Chapter 19: Ten Tips for Getting Up
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Chapter 19: Ten Tips for Getting Up
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Chapter 20 Ten Reasons Hacking Is t
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Chapter 20: Ten Reasons Hacking Is
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Chapter 21 Ten Deadly Mistakes S ev
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Thinking That You Know It All Chapt
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Appendix Tools and Resources T o st
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Exploits Appendix: Tools and Resour
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Keyloggers Appendix: Tools and Reso
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mailsnarf — www.monkey.org/~dugso
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Appendix: Tools and Resources PortS
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Appendix: Tools and Resources pwdum
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Source Code Analysis Storage Checkm
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Appendix: Tools and Resources NIST
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Windows Appendix: Tools and Resourc
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• A • aboveboard, 11 Abuse.net
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Cobb, Chey (author) Network Securit
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802.11 encryption protocols, 165, 1
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Health Insurance Portability and Ac
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malware, 151, 266-267, 355 Managing
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• P • packet filtering, 156 Pan
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Remember icon, 6 remote access serv
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SUSE, 247 SUSE Linux Security Alert
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Virtual Private Network (VPN) servi
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Apple & Mac iPad 2 For Dummies, 3rd
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