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280 Part V: Hacking Applications Seeking Web Vulnerabilities Attacks against unsecured websites and applications via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) make up the majority of all Internet-related attacks. Most of these attacks can be carried out even if the HTTP traffic is encrypted (via HTTPS or via HTTP over SSL) because the communications medium has nothing to do with these attacks. The security vulnerabilities actually lie within the websites and applications themselves or the web server and browser software that the systems run on and communicate with. Many attacks against websites and applications are just minor nuisances and might not affect sensitive information or system availability. However, some attacks can wreak havoc on your systems, putting sensitive information at risk and even placing your organization out of compliance with state, federal, and international information privacy and security laws and regulations. Directory traversal I start you out with a simple directory traversal attack. Directory traversal is a really basic weakness, but it can turn up interesting — sometimes sensitive — information about a web system. This attack involves browsing a site and looking for clues about the server’s directory structure and sensitive files that might have been loaded intentionally or unintentionally. Perform the following tests to determine information about your website’s directory structure. Crawlers A spider program, such as the free HTTrack Website Copier, can crawl your site to look for every publicly accessible file. To use HTTrack, simply load it, give your project a name, tell HTTrack which website(s) to mirror, and after a few minutes, possibly hours (depending on the size and complexity of the site), you’ll have everything that’s publicly accessible on the site stored on your local drive in c:\My Web Sites. Figure 14-1 shows the crawl output of a basic website. Complicated sites often reveal more information that should not be there, including old data files and even application scripts and source code.
Figure 14-1: Using HTTrack to crawl a website. Chapter 14: Websites and Applications Inevitably, when performing web security assessments, I stumble across .zip or .rar files on web servers. Sometimes they contain junk, but oftentimes they hold sensitive information that shouldn’t be there for the public to access. One project in particular stands out. When I ran across a .zip file and tried to open it, WinZip asked me for a password. Using my handy dandy .zip file password-cracking tool from Elcomsoft (see Chapter 7 for details on password cracking), I had the password in mere milliseconds. Inside the .zip file was an Excel spreadsheet containing sensitive patient healthcare information (names, addresses, Social Security numbers, and more) that anyone and everyone in the world could access. In situations like this, your business might be required to notify everyone involved that their information was inadequately protected and possibly compromised. It pays to know the laws and regulations affecting your business. Better yet, make sure users aren’t posting improperly secured sensitive information on your web servers in the first place! Look at the output of your crawling program to see what files are available. Regular HTML and PDF files are probably okay because they’re most likely needed for normal web usage. But it wouldn’t hurt to open each file to make sure it belongs there and doesn’t contain sensitive information you don’t want to share with the world. Google Google, the search engine company that many love to hate, can also be used for directory traversal. In fact, Google’s advanced queries are so powerful that you can use them to root out sensitive information, critical web server 281
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Hacking FOR DUMmIES‰ 4TH EDITION
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About the Author Kevin Beaver is an
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Mega thanks to Queensrÿche, Rush,
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Table of Contents Performing Social
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Table of Contents Gathering Informa
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Table of Contents Part VI: Ethical
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Introduction W elcome to Hacking Fo
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Introduction Before you start hacki
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Introduction well-known vulnerabili
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Part I Building the Foundation for
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Ethical H
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethical
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Obeying the Ethical Hacking Command
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Formulating your plan Chapter 1: In
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Chapter 2 Cracking the Hacker Minds
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Malicious attackers often think and
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Chapter 2: Cracking the Hacker Mind
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In This Chapter Chapter 3 Developin
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Chapter 3: Developing Your Ethical
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Attack tree analysis is the process
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Timing Chapter 3: Developing Your E
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In This Chapter Chapter 4 Hacking M
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology no o
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology ✓
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology One
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology test
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Figure 4-1: Netcraft’s web server
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology docu
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Penetrating the System Chapter 4: H
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Part II Putting Ethical Hacking in
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In This Chapter ▶ Discovering soc
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering A cas
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering Socia
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering Regar
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering years
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✓ Threatening reprimands if reque
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering In so
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering reque
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In This Chapter Chapter 6 Physical
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Chapter 6: Physical Security A Q&A
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Do
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Do
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Chapter 6: Physical Security cellul
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Ke
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In This Chapter ▶ Identifying pas
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Chapter 7: Passwords A case study i
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Chapter 7: Passwords The National V
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Chapter 7: Passwords they should’
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Chapter 7: Passwords ✓ John the R
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Chapter 7: Passwords Dictionary att
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Chapter 7: Passwords this password
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Chapter 7: Passwords Cracking UNIX/
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Chapter 7: Passwords The financial
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Chapter 7: Passwords (www.identityf
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Chapter 7: Passwords Weak BIOS pass
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Storing passwords Chapter 7: Passwo
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Chapter 7: Passwords your systems.
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Linux and UNIX Chapter 7: Passwords
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Part III Hacking Network Hosts
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In This Chapter ▶ Selecting tools
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure U
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure I
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure 3
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Figure 8-3: NetScan- Tools Pro OS F
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Figure 8-5: Management interface us
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure W
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure C
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Figure 8-8: Connecting a network an
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Figure 8-9: OmniPeek can help uncov
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure N
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Figure 8-12: Selecting your victim
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UNIX-based systems Chapter 8: Netwo
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure W
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure C
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Figure 8-14: Cisco Global Exploiter
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In This Chapter ▶ Understanding r
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A case study with Joshua Wright on
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Discovering Wireless LANs Figure 9-
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Figure 9-3: NetStumbler displays de
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You undoubtedly have various Blueto
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs Airodump a
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Figure 9-8: Using Elcomsoft Wireles
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Figure 9-10: The Reaver startup win
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Figure 9-12: NetStumbler showing po
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Figure 9-15: CommView for Wifi show
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs ✓ If pos
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Figure 9-17: Looking for the MAC ad
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Figure 9-19: Ensure that your SSID
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs encryption
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In This Chapter Chapter 10 Mobile D
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices You have
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Figure 10-3: Usernames extracted vi
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices Power-on
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Figure 10-5: iOS Forensic Toolkit
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices So, havi
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Part IV Hacking Operating Systems
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In This Chapter ▶ Port scanning W
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Choosing Tools Chapter 11: Windows
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Chapter 11: Windows Windows XP SP2
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Figure 11-2: Gathering detailed vul
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Figure 11-5: Using LanGuard to scan
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Figure 11-6: Mapping a null session
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✓ Local usernames ✓ Drive share
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Figure 11-9: Default local security
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Figure 11-10: Using LanGuard’s sh
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Figure 11-11: Exploitable vulnerabi
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Figure 11-13: Browsing the availabl
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Figure 11-17: Checking final parame
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Figure 11-19: Metasploit Pro’s gr
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Running Authenticated Scans Figure
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In This Chapter ▶ Examining Linux
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Page 255 and 256: Figure 12-9: Viewing the process ID
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Page 263 and 264: Figure 12-11: /etc/inittab showing
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Page 267 and 268: Part V Hacking Applications
Page 269 and 270: In This Chapter ▶ Attacking e-mai
Page 271 and 272: E-mail bombs Chapter 13: Communicat
Page 273 and 274: Figure 13-1: Limiting the number of
Page 275 and 276: Figure 13-4: smtpscan gathers versi
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Page 279 and 280: Chapter 13: Communication and Messa
Page 281 and 282: Manual testing Chapter 13: Communic
Page 283 and 284: Figure 13-11: Critical information
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Page 293 and 294: Figure 13-16: Using Cain & Abel to
Page 295 and 296: In This Chapter Chapter 14 Websites
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Page 301 and 302: Countermeasures against directory t
Page 303 and 304: Figure 14-2: Using Firefox Web Deve
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Page 327 and 328: Figure 15-2: Using Cain & Abel to c
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Page 331 and 332: Figure 15-3: Using FileLocator Pro
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Page 335 and 336: Part VI Ethical Hacking Aftermath
Page 337 and 338: In This Chapter Chapter 16 Reportin
Page 339 and 340: Chapter 16: Reporting Your Results
Page 341 and 342: ✓ Summary of the vulnerabilities
Page 343 and 344: In This Chapter Chapter 17 Plugging
Page 345 and 346: Patch management Chapter 17: Pluggi
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Chapter 18 Managing Security Proces
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Chapter 18: Managing Security Proce
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Part VII The Part of Tens
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Chapter 19 Ten Tips for Getting Upp
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Chapter 19: Ten Tips for Getting Up
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Chapter 19: Ten Tips for Getting Up
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Chapter 20 Ten Reasons Hacking Is t
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Chapter 20: Ten Reasons Hacking Is
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Chapter 21 Ten Deadly Mistakes S ev
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Thinking That You Know It All Chapt
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Appendix Tools and Resources T o st
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Exploits Appendix: Tools and Resour
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Keyloggers Appendix: Tools and Reso
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mailsnarf — www.monkey.org/~dugso
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Appendix: Tools and Resources PortS
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Appendix: Tools and Resources pwdum
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Source Code Analysis Storage Checkm
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Appendix: Tools and Resources NIST
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Windows Appendix: Tools and Resourc
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• A • aboveboard, 11 Abuse.net
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Cobb, Chey (author) Network Securit
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802.11 encryption protocols, 165, 1
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Health Insurance Portability and Ac
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malware, 151, 266-267, 355 Managing
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• P • packet filtering, 156 Pan
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Remember icon, 6 remote access serv
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SUSE, 247 SUSE Linux Security Alert
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Virtual Private Network (VPN) servi
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Apple & Mac iPad 2 For Dummies, 3rd
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