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284 Part V: Hacking Applications Several attacks that insert malformed data — often, too much at one time — can be run against a website or application, which can confuse the system and make it divulge too much information to the attacker. Input attacks can also make it easy for the bad guys to glean sensitive information from the web browsers of unsuspecting users. Buffer overflows One of the most serious input attacks is a buffer overflow that specifically targets input fields in web applications. For instance, a credit-reporting application might authenticate users before they’re allowed to submit data or pull reports. The login form uses the following code to grab user IDs with a maximum input of 12 characters, as denoted by the maxsize variable: ... ... A typical login session would involve a valid login name of 12 characters or fewer. However, the maxsize variable can be changed to something huge, such as 100 or even 1,000. Then an attacker can enter bogus data in the login field. What happens next is anyone’s call — the application might hang, overwrite other data in memory, or crash the server. A simple way to manipulate such a variable is to step through the page submission by using a web proxy, such as those built in to the commercial web vulnerability scanners I mention or the free Paros Proxy (www. parosproxy.org). Web proxies sit between your web browser and the server you’re testing and allow you to manipulate information sent to the server. To begin, you must configure your web browser to use the local proxy of 127.0.0.1 on port 8080. In Firefox, this is accessible by choosing Tools➪Options; click Advanced, click the Network tab, click the Connection Settings button, and then select the Manual Proxy Configuration radio button. In Internet Explorer, choose Tools➪Internet Options; click the Connections tab, click the LAN Settings button, and then select the Use a Proxy Server for Your LAN check box. All you have to do is change the field length of the variable before your browser submits the page, and it will be submitted using whatever length you give. You can also use the Firefox Web Developer to remove maximum form lengths defined in web forms, as shown in Figure 14-2.
Figure 14-2: Using Firefox Web Developer to reset form field lengths. Chapter 14: Websites and Applications URL manipulation An automated input attack manipulates a URL and sends it back to the server, telling the web application to do various things, such as redirect to third-party sites, load sensitive files off the server, and so on. Local file inclusion is one such vulnerability. This is when the web application accepts URLbased input and returns the specified file’s contents to the user. For example, in one situation, WebInspect sent something similar to the following request and returned the Linux server’s passwd file: https://www.your_web_app.com/onlineserv/Checkout. cgi?state= detail&language=english&imageSet=/../..//../..//../..//../ ..///etc/passwd The following links demonstrate another example of URL trickery called URL redirection: http://www.your_web_app.com/error.aspx?PURL=http://www. bad~site.com&ERROR=Path+’OPTIONS’+is+forbidden. http://www.your_web_app.com/exit.asp?URL=http://www. bad~site.com 285
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Hacking FOR DUMmIES‰ 4TH EDITION
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About the Author Kevin Beaver is an
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Mega thanks to Queensrÿche, Rush,
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Table of Contents Performing Social
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Table of Contents Gathering Informa
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Table of Contents Part VI: Ethical
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Introduction W elcome to Hacking Fo
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Introduction Before you start hacki
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Introduction well-known vulnerabili
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Part I Building the Foundation for
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Ethical H
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethical
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Obeying the Ethical Hacking Command
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Formulating your plan Chapter 1: In
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Chapter 2 Cracking the Hacker Minds
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Malicious attackers often think and
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Chapter 2: Cracking the Hacker Mind
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In This Chapter Chapter 3 Developin
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Chapter 3: Developing Your Ethical
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Attack tree analysis is the process
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Timing Chapter 3: Developing Your E
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In This Chapter Chapter 4 Hacking M
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology no o
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology ✓
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology One
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology test
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Figure 4-1: Netcraft’s web server
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Chapter 4: Hacking Methodology docu
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Penetrating the System Chapter 4: H
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Part II Putting Ethical Hacking in
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In This Chapter ▶ Discovering soc
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering A cas
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering Socia
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering Regar
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering years
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✓ Threatening reprimands if reque
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering In so
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Chapter 5: Social Engineering reque
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In This Chapter Chapter 6 Physical
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Chapter 6: Physical Security A Q&A
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Do
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Do
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Chapter 6: Physical Security cellul
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Chapter 6: Physical Security ✓ Ke
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In This Chapter ▶ Identifying pas
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Chapter 7: Passwords A case study i
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Chapter 7: Passwords The National V
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Chapter 7: Passwords they should’
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Chapter 7: Passwords ✓ John the R
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Chapter 7: Passwords Dictionary att
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Chapter 7: Passwords this password
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Chapter 7: Passwords Cracking UNIX/
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Chapter 7: Passwords The financial
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Chapter 7: Passwords (www.identityf
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Chapter 7: Passwords Weak BIOS pass
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Storing passwords Chapter 7: Passwo
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Chapter 7: Passwords your systems.
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Linux and UNIX Chapter 7: Passwords
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Part III Hacking Network Hosts
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In This Chapter ▶ Selecting tools
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure U
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure I
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure 3
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Figure 8-3: NetScan- Tools Pro OS F
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Figure 8-5: Management interface us
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure W
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure C
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Figure 8-8: Connecting a network an
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Figure 8-9: OmniPeek can help uncov
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure N
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Figure 8-12: Selecting your victim
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UNIX-based systems Chapter 8: Netwo
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure W
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Chapter 8: Network Infrastructure C
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Figure 8-14: Cisco Global Exploiter
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In This Chapter ▶ Understanding r
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A case study with Joshua Wright on
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Discovering Wireless LANs Figure 9-
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Figure 9-3: NetStumbler displays de
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You undoubtedly have various Blueto
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs Airodump a
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Figure 9-8: Using Elcomsoft Wireles
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Figure 9-10: The Reaver startup win
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Figure 9-12: NetStumbler showing po
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Figure 9-15: CommView for Wifi show
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs ✓ If pos
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Figure 9-17: Looking for the MAC ad
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Figure 9-19: Ensure that your SSID
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Chapter 9: Wireless LANs encryption
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In This Chapter Chapter 10 Mobile D
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices You have
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Figure 10-3: Usernames extracted vi
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices Power-on
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Figure 10-5: iOS Forensic Toolkit
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Chapter 10: Mobile Devices So, havi
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Part IV Hacking Operating Systems
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In This Chapter ▶ Port scanning W
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Choosing Tools Chapter 11: Windows
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Chapter 11: Windows Windows XP SP2
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Figure 11-2: Gathering detailed vul
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Figure 11-5: Using LanGuard to scan
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Figure 11-6: Mapping a null session
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✓ Local usernames ✓ Drive share
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Figure 11-9: Default local security
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Figure 11-10: Using LanGuard’s sh
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Figure 11-11: Exploitable vulnerabi
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Figure 11-13: Browsing the availabl
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Figure 11-17: Checking final parame
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Figure 11-19: Metasploit Pro’s gr
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Running Authenticated Scans Figure
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In This Chapter ▶ Examining Linux
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Chapter 12: Linux A tool such as Qu
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Figure 12-3: LanGuard revealing use
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Page 255 and 256: Figure 12-9: Viewing the process ID
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Page 263 and 264: Figure 12-11: /etc/inittab showing
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Page 267 and 268: Part V Hacking Applications
Page 269 and 270: In This Chapter ▶ Attacking e-mai
Page 271 and 272: E-mail bombs Chapter 13: Communicat
Page 273 and 274: Figure 13-1: Limiting the number of
Page 275 and 276: Figure 13-4: smtpscan gathers versi
Page 277 and 278: Figure 13-7: Using EmailVerify to v
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 13: Communication and Messa
Page 281 and 282: Manual testing Chapter 13: Communic
Page 283 and 284: Figure 13-11: Critical information
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Page 293 and 294: Figure 13-16: Using Cain & Abel to
Page 295 and 296: In This Chapter Chapter 14 Websites
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Page 299 and 300: Figure 14-1: Using HTTrack to crawl
Page 301: Countermeasures against directory t
Page 305 and 306: Figure 14-3: Using SPI Proxy to fin
Page 307 and 308: Figure 14-4: WebInspect discovered
Page 309 and 310: Figure 14-7: Script code reflected
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Page 315 and 316: Figure 14-11: The Brutus tool for t
Page 321 and 322: Figure 14-13: Using CxDeveloper to
Page 323 and 324: Chapter 15 Databases and Storage Sy
Page 325 and 326: The Situation Chapter 15: Databases
Page 327 and 328: Figure 15-2: Using Cain & Abel to c
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Page 331 and 332: Figure 15-3: Using FileLocator Pro
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Page 335 and 336: Part VI Ethical Hacking Aftermath
Page 337 and 338: In This Chapter Chapter 16 Reportin
Page 339 and 340: Chapter 16: Reporting Your Results
Page 341 and 342: ✓ Summary of the vulnerabilities
Page 343 and 344: In This Chapter Chapter 17 Plugging
Page 345 and 346: Patch management Chapter 17: Pluggi
Page 347 and 348: I was once involved in an incident
Page 349 and 350: Chapter 18 Managing Security Proces
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Chapter 18: Managing Security Proce
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Chapter 18: Managing Security Proce
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Part VII The Part of Tens
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Chapter 19 Ten Tips for Getting Upp
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Chapter 19: Ten Tips for Getting Up
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Chapter 19: Ten Tips for Getting Up
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Chapter 20 Ten Reasons Hacking Is t
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Chapter 20: Ten Reasons Hacking Is
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Chapter 21 Ten Deadly Mistakes S ev
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Thinking That You Know It All Chapt
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Appendix Tools and Resources T o st
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Exploits Appendix: Tools and Resour
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Keyloggers Appendix: Tools and Reso
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mailsnarf — www.monkey.org/~dugso
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Appendix: Tools and Resources PortS
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Appendix: Tools and Resources pwdum
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Source Code Analysis Storage Checkm
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Appendix: Tools and Resources NIST
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Windows Appendix: Tools and Resourc
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• A • aboveboard, 11 Abuse.net
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Cobb, Chey (author) Network Securit
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802.11 encryption protocols, 165, 1
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Health Insurance Portability and Ac
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malware, 151, 266-267, 355 Managing
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• P • packet filtering, 156 Pan
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Remember icon, 6 remote access serv
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SUSE, 247 SUSE Linux Security Alert
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Virtual Private Network (VPN) servi
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Apple & Mac iPad 2 For Dummies, 3rd
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