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perceiving from the cloiuls of dust that something was wrong, at once goes to their assistance, and l)y a vigorous assault exlrirates tlie h^gion from its position. After a few days the IJritons again make a demonstration against his camp, but are routed and pursued. The Britons, for the second time, sue for peace, which is made. After heing in Britain for less than three weeks, Caesar, being without cavalry, and the equinox being near, deems it advisable to take hostages and to return to (Jaul. The Dif'l^^e) at Aduatiica and the Second Incaxion of Britain. 54.— During the winter the legions were distributed over a wide extent of country in Belgae. One legion under (iaius Fabius among the Morini, who had recentlv sul)mitteil to Labienus ; a second under Quintus Cicero among the Nervii ; a third under Labienus near the western frontier of the Treveri ; three under Trebonius, Crassus and I'lancus, not far from Samarobriva : one of recruits, witli live veteran eolii>rts, umler Sabinus and Cotta in the country of the Eburones. One legion only, under Roscius, was sent outside Belgic territory to tlic country of the Ksuvii. Caesar's own headquarters were at Sainarobriva. Soon after Caesar's return from Britain, Tasgetius, Caesar's nominee as king of the Caruutes, is assassinated. Caesar sends Plancus with his legion to arrest the ringleaders and to terrorise the rebels. Since the battle with the Xervii, the Treveri refuse to send their cavalry contingent to Caesar. Caesar enters their country with a strong force and strengthens the influence of Cingetorix against that of Indutiomarus. The latter, when the legions of Sabinus and Cotta ha
SthtllioH of Vtrcingttorix. 52. —The Celts, still smarting under Caesar's coercion, now hear that Rome is a prey to sedition. The Gallic chiefs, therefore, conspire together to prevent Caesar joining his legions. 'I'he Carnutes strike the first blow by massacring the Romans at Cenabum and plundering their stores. The news reaches the Arvenii llie same evening, and V'ercingetorix, a man in Gergovia, rouses popular enthusiasm for rebellion. Most of the tribes between the Seine and the Garonne join him and elect him commander-in-chief. Vercingetorix sends Lucterius to deal with the Ruteni on the borders of the Roman Province, while he himself goes north and induces the Bituriges to throw in their lot with him. On this news reacliing Caesar, he at once starts from Rome and, taking some recruits from Cisalpine Gaul, arrives in the Province to find his route to Agedincuin, where his legions were, threateued, as Lucterius had won over the Ruteni, Nitobriges, and the Galjali, and the Aedui were untrustwortliy. So Caesar hastens to Narbo, secures that place and Tolosa, Albi, and Xcniausiis with detachments, and joins his levies in the country of the Helvii. He then crosses by the mountain track into the country of the Arvenii, and leaving Decimus Brutus liere to occup)' the attention of Veieingetorix, he reerosses the Cevennes mountaius, proceeds to Vienna, where lie picks up a bod}' of cavalry, thence up the valley of the Saonc, and rejoins his legions and concentrates his army at Agedinoum. Vercingetorix now prepares to besiege Gorgobina, a town of the Boii, Caesar's allies. Caesivr, leaving two legions at Agedincum, at once starts to its relief. His route lies through Vellaunodunum, a stronghold of the Senones, which surrenders after a siege : then Cenabum, which he captures, and punishes the town ; he then proceeds to Xoviodunum, M hich surrenders, though the cavalry of Vercingetorix hurries from Gorgobina and engages in battle. The}- are, however, defeated and scattered by Caesar's tierman scjuadron. Caesiir then marches for Avaricum, the capital of the Bituriges, which he takes by assault after a desperate struggle, at the end of a siege of many days. While \'ercingetorix is raising fresh levies, Caesar is occupied at Decetia in Aeduan territory, at the request of the Aedui, in deiiding between rival claimants for the othce of eliief magistrate. Caesar now sends Labienus with four legions, including the two at Agedincum, to restore or>ler in the upper valley of while he himself marches with the remaining six to attack tiergovia, making Noviodunum (Nevers) his the Seine ; chief magazine. Caesar and Vercingetorix march along opposite banks of the Allier, when Caesar crosses the river by a stratagem, and, appearing before (iergovia, captures a hill on the eastern side of the town, and encamps. At this time the Aeduan contingent, coming to join him, is induced to declare for Vercingetorix. Caesar goes with four legions against them, overawes them and brings them in. During his absence Vercingetorix attacks the Roman camp at Gergovia, and Caesar returns just in time to prevent the destruction of his legions. Being uncertain of the loyalty of the Aeduan contingent, Caesar now decides to assault Gergovia, but he is repulsed with heavy loss. He then raises the siege and again marches down the Allier valle}-. Before Caesar had gone far he learns of the treachery of the Aeduans, Eporedorix, and Viridoinarus, who had one in advance and had seize 1 and plunilered Xoviodunum, sending off all Caesars hostages to Bibracte ; and threatening Caesar's passage of tlie Loire. (Caesar marches night and day till he reaches the river a few miles south of Xoviodunum. On his approach the Aedui take to diglit. Caesar then marches towards the valley of the Yonne to succour Labici.us, who was just then in great peril. Labienus, leaving his heavy baggage in charge of recruits at Agedincum, had marched with his four legions do^vn the left bank of the Vonne and the Seine for Lutetia, the capital of the Parisii, in order to overawe the Senones and the Carnutes. He was opposed by a large force leil by Camulogeuus, 20 miles from Lutetia. Labienus, finding it difficult to cross, marches back to iletiosedum, and, with the aid of barges, crosses the Seine and |)ushes on to Lutetia. C'aniulogenus now orders Lutetia to be burnt do\iTi, and marches north to meet Labienus, the Romans being on the north bank of the Seine, the Gauls on the .south. Labienus at this juncture hears of Caesar's retreat from Gergovia and of the Aeduan rebellic;n ; risen in arms. Being thus threatened on all sides, he decides to cut his way to Agedincum, which ho effects by a stratagem and a victory over Camiilogenus. He tlien marches south to rejoin Caesar. The position of affairs was now as follows. The rebellious Gauls, at an assembly at Bibracte, unanimously elect Vercingetorix as their general. The latter forms his plans and makes Alcsia a strongholil to retreat to in case of necessity ; he incites the tribes bordering on tlie Province to attack the Provincials ; and tries to win over the AUobroges. Caesar's object is to protect the Pro\ ince. The AUobroges guard the fords of the Rhone ; and Lucius Caesar is told off with 10,000 men to various points on the threatened frontier. Caesar also enlists German cavalry from across tlie Rhine. The Helvii on the frontiers of the Province risk a battle, but are defeated by the Romans with heavy loss. Caesar rejoins Labienus to the south (Augustobona), among the Lingones. of Agedincum, and the united armies take up their quarters near Troyes Caesar then moves down the valley ol the Tille, intending to march through the country of the Sequani. Vercingetorix. with his force, moves from Alesia to intercept him, and takes up a position not far from Dijon, about ten miles south of the Roman camp. The next morning Vercingetorix attacks Caesar, whose German horse helps him to gain a victory. Vercingetorix retires beaten to Alesia. The next day Caesar marches to Alesia and invests the place with a ring of camps ten miles in circumference. While the siege was being carried on with vigour, strong reinforcements of Gauls arrive to relieve the place. After a desperate struggle between the Romans and (!auls, lioth those besieged and those come to the relief, Caesar is finally victorious, and Vercingetorix surrenders Alesia and himself. He is taken prisoner and sent to Rome, where he afterwards adorns Caesar's triumph, and is then put to death. Caesar spends the winter in the Aeduan capital. The legions are quartered among the Remi, the Sequani, the Aedui, the Ambivareti, the Bituriges and the Ruteni, so as to safeguard the loyal, to overawe the disaffected, and to cover the Province. the Bellovaci too had
Page 5 and 6:
ATLAS ANTIQUUS In Forty-eight Origi
Page 7:
6 PREFACE The present Atlas is done
Page 10 and 11:
vi CONTENTS MAI' NO. 30. Beli.um cu
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^ RoipiyUJas antiquLLa B &n^-lnuile
Page 16:
BELLUM PERSICUM SECUNDUM 481-479 a.
Page 19 and 20:
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM (I) 434-425
Page 22 and 23:
ReiclyAUas amiquns . London, Alat^n
Page 24 and 25:
421.— Peace of Nicias concluded b
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BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM IN SICILIA G
Page 30:
BELLUM PELOPONNESIACUM (III) 412-40
Page 33 and 34:
Athenians in Sanms, wlio luul been
Page 37 and 38:
BELLA A LACEDAEMONIIS CONTRA THEBAN
Page 40:
. THEBANORUM BELLA 371-362 a.C. Per
Page 44 and 45:
Reich, Atlas antiquiis vm BELLA PHI
Page 46 and 47:
Philip hiniselt, on his return from
Page 48:
BELLUM SOCIALE 358—355 a.C. At th
Page 52:
829. —Pasaing part of tho wintci'
Page 56:
BELLUM LAMIAE 323-322 a.C. B.C. 323
Page 60:
BELLA PER ASIAM ET IN AEGYPTO GESTA
Page 63 and 64:
BELLA PER ASIAM GESTA 321-316 a.C.
Page 66:
To face Map 16. — PARTITIO PROVIN
Page 70 and 71:
London, MatnUUan s- Co. Ltd.
Page 72:
an attack liy land and sea on Salan
Page 76:
DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES 301 285 a.C.
Page 80:
LYSIMACHUS 289-281 a.C. B.C. 289.
Page 84 and 85:
GALLORUM IRRUPTIO 281-276 a.C. B.C.
Page 88 and 89:
AETOLIA SOCIIQUE AETOLORUM. MINORA
Page 92:
ANTIGONUS DOSON 224°222 a.C. B.I-.
Page 96:
PHILOPOEMEN ADV. MACHANIDAM 207 a.C
Page 99 and 100:
BELLUM CUM ANTIOCHO ET NABIS FINIS
Page 102 and 103:
BCLLUM CUM A NTI CH O IN ASIA GESTU
Page 104: Tlie Roman fleet, under Aeniilius,
Page 107: Bjeich-.Aflaii antiqiius Lamlon.ila
Page 112: 808. —Carthage sends out an army
Page 115: ^airih Atlaa antjipnis Londan^Macmi
Page 121 and 122: Scipio starts for Messana with 17 s
Page 124 and 125: BeicTi. Atlas anUqu' London. MacmiU
Page 126: Ebiisus and returns to Spain. He tl
Page 129: Reich,Atlas antiquum London, Macmil
Page 133 and 134: BELLUM PUNICUM SECUNDUM (III) Hanni
Page 135 and 136: it;L«-.
Page 137 and 138: BELLUM MACEDONICUM SECUNDUM 202-197
Page 141 and 142: BELLUM MACEDONICUM TERTIUM 171-168
Page 144 and 145: Reidi,At]a8 antiquus BELLA A L. COR
Page 146 and 147: Sulla destroys the fortifications o
Page 148: Xorlianus iio«- takes commaml in t
Page 152 and 153: Rftrli . Atlas ajitiquuB London. Ma
Page 156: Kiiii of the. Striiij.jh:. 52.—So
Page 159 and 160: BELLA CIVILLY TEMPORE CAESARIS 50-4
Page 161 and 162: under Achillas from Pelusinm. Achil
Page 166: Reicli .Atlaj ajiliquus London , Ma
Page 169 and 170: A. INDEX TABULA SIGLORU.M
Page 171 and 172: Bromiscus, 3 B 1 Bnictcri, pop, 48
Page 173 and 174: GuroDthrae, 7 « 13 3 Geri'unius, 4
Page 175 and 176: 2 Koineiitana, via, 47 (i 1 Noiiiei
Page 177 and 178: Taiiagra, 3 B 2 Tarentuiii, 39 I) 1
Page 180 and 181: IJNIVERSm OF CALIFORNIA UBRARV Los
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