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BELLA PHILIPPI SECUNDI
359-336 a.C.
BELLUM SACRUM
356-346 a.C.
B. C.
359.—Philip takes up the government of Macedonia. He defeats Aigaeus, a pretender to the throne, who is assisted with a
strong Athenian fleet. . The fleet conveys him to Methone ; Argaeus then marches inland to Aegae, and in his march
back is attacked and completely defeated by Philip.
Philip, an.xious to come to terms with Athens, renounces all claim to Amphipolis.
Being harassed by Paeonians and lUyrians, Philip sets to work to remodel his army.
358.— Having quieted the Athenians with Amphipolis, Philip sets out in the spring with a large force and subdues the
Paeonians in a single battle. He then turns against the lUyrians, who refuse to evacuate towns in Lyncestis,
and also defeats them in a battle.
Having thus quieted his foes in the north, Philip pushes eastward to Thrace, with the object of replenishing
his treasury with the gold of Mt. Pangaeus, and forms a settlement of Thasians for this purpose at Crenides. To
secure his position here it was necessary to become master of Amphipolis, so he attacks that town on the pretext of
handing it over to Athens.
357.— Philip captures Amphipolis, and holds to it as his own b}' right of war. He converts the Thasian settlement of Crenides
into the fortress of Philippi. He also abandons his old capital of Aegae, and makes Pella his capital.
356. — Philip captures Pydna and Polidaea, and hands over the latter and Anthemus to Olynthus, thereby setting Olynthus at
variance with Athens, which, with the exception of Methone, has now no foothold on the coasts of the Therraaic
Gulf.
Athens, forming an alliance with the Paeonians and lUyrians, and with the Thracians of the west, declares
war on Philip.
Philip, however, nullifies this alliance by compelling the Paeonians to become his vas.sals ; sends his general,
Parmenion, against the lUyrians, who suffer another severe defeat; and he buys over the Thracians to renounce
Mt. Pangaeus.
He now .sets about to consolidate his empire.
The Sacred War.
357.— This war was caused by the action of tlie Phucians, who resisted the decrees of the Amphictyonic League, wherebj' fines,
which they con.sidered unjust, were imposed on Phocian citizens for alleged sacrilege.
356.- -Philomelus, tlie Phocian general, seizes Delphi, after defeating the Locrians of Amphissa.
At the Amphictyonic Council held at Tliermopylae, it is decided that the Thebans and Locrians should wage
war against the Phocians, and rescue Delphi.
The Locrians march against Philomelus at Delphi, and are defeated at Phaedriades.
354.— After a period of indecisive actions, Philomelus incautiouslj' exposes himself to attack, is defeated by the Thebans and
their allies at Neon, north of Mt. Parnassus, and is killed.
Onomarchus succeeds Philomelus, and with the help of the Delphic treasures, continues the « ar with success. He
captures Amphissa, Thronium, and Orohomenus ; reduces Doris, and makes himself master of Thermopylae. Being
repulsed at Chaeronea, Onomarchus retires to Phocis. He purchases the alliance of Pherae, thus dividing Thessaly.
The Thessalian League thereupon turns to Philip of Macedon for help.
353. —Philip captures Methone, and enters Thessalj- as general of the Thessalians at their request.
Onomarchus, then master as far as Thermopylae, sends a force under Phayllus into Thessaly to assist Lycophron
of Pherae in arresting the progress of Philip. Phayllus is defeated t>y Philip and driven out of Thessaly.
Upon this Onomarchus advances with tlie whole Phocian army to the rescue of Lycophron, defeats Philip in two
battles, and forces him to withdraw the Macedonian army from Thessaly. Onomarchus then renews his invasion of
Boeotia, and captures Coronea.
52. — PhiliiJ, to retrieve his humiliation, advances again into Thessaly.
Onomarchus joins Lycophron with a large army near the Pagasaean gulf, where an Athenian fleet was also co-operating
under Chares.
A land battle is fought near the Pagasaean gulf, where Philip gains a complete victory over the Phocians, and
Onomarchus is killed ; this terminates Phocian power north of Thermopylae.
Philip then laj's siege to Pherae, which surrenders. Pagasae also surrenders after a siege, an Athenian armament
sent to its relief arriving too late. Philip thus becomes master of Thessaly.
Philip's ne.xt step was to march to Tlicrmo])ylae to rescue Delphi. The Athenians, alarmed at his near approach,
send a large force under Nausicles to defend the pass ; in this they are aided by Sparta and Achaea. Philip, seeing
opposition useless, retires and leaves Phocis alone for a time.
Philip's fleet is actively engaged in the Aegean. It makes descents on Lemnus, Imbrus, Eulioea, and once even
on the coast of Attica itself.
To face Maps 8 and 9.
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