CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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Determination of saponins 12 - High performance liquid chromatography 12 - Mass spectrometry 13 Objectives and hypothesis 14 - Objectives 14 - Hypothesis 14 CHAPTER 2 Characterization of the fruit mesocarp saponins of Balanites 16 Introduction 16 Materials and methods 17 - Plant materials 17 - Extraction and separation 18 - Liquid chromatography 18 - Mass spectrometry 19 - NMR spectrometry 19 Results 19 - Analysis of B. aegyptiaca mesocarp extracts by LC-MS 19 - LC-ESI-MS n characterization of mesocarp saponins 23 - Structural analysis of the major mesocarp saponins by NMR 28 Discussion 34 Conclusions 36 CHAPTER 3 Detection of saponins in B. aegyptiaca kernel cake and root extracts by LC-ESI-MS n 37 Introduction 37 vii
Materials and methods 38 - Sample collection 38 - Saponin extraction 38 - ESI-mass spectrometry 39 - Liquid chromatography 39 Results and discussion 40 Kernel extracts 40 - HPLC-RI analysis 40 - LC-ESI-MS analysis 40 Root extracts 47 - HPLC-RI analysis 47 - LC-ESI-MS analysis 47 Conclusions 55 CHAPTER 4 Larvicidal properties of B. aegyptiaca saponins 57 Introduction 57 Materials and methods 58 - Plant materials 58 - Preparation of saponin rich extracts (SREs) 58 - Saponin determination 59 - Larvicidal test 59 Results 60 Discussion and conclusion 63 CHAPTER 5 Antifungal activities of SREs of B. aegyptiaca against prevalent viii
Page 1 and 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Ba
Page 3 and 4: This work was carried out under the
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The desert date (Balanites
Page 7 and 8: of various Balanites tissues sugges
Page 9: Contents Acknowledgements i Abstrac
Page 13 and 14: - Effect of the saponin source on p
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.9 1 H NMR spectrum showing
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables Table 2.1 Major HPLC
Page 19 and 20: Glossary CID collision induced diss
Page 21 and 22: Thesis organization This thesis is
Page 23 and 24: fruits have been found in Pharaohs'
Page 25 and 26: Fig 1.3. Map showing the Balanites
Page 27 and 28: themselves provide shade and shelte
Page 29 and 30: should be no surprise that the name
Page 31 and 32: Association with membranes Most bio
Page 33 and 34: the African or Indian samples. No w
Page 35 and 36: Objective and Hypothesis Objectives
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 Characterization of the f
Page 39 and 40: Extraction and separation For the e
Page 41 and 42: and analysed with an ELS detector (
Page 43 and 44: c d a Figure 2.2. Electrospray mass
Page 45 and 46: corresponds with the claims of earl
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.2. MS n Electrospray mass s
Page 49 and 50: 1209, and could be isomers of these
Page 51 and 52: compound as 26-(O-β-D-glucopyranos
Page 53 and 54: In the 1 H NMR spectrum, resonances
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.11. Structure of the sapon
Page 57 and 58: Conclusions From this study we can
Page 59 and 60: that a study of the saponin profile
Page 61 and 62:
HPLC pump and a refractive index (R
Page 63 and 64:
Table 3.1 Peaks, retention time, am
Page 65 and 66:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3.2 ESI-
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3.2 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
Page 69 and 70:
quoted here also are integers obtai
Page 71 and 72:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (i) Fig
Page 73 and 74:
considered cleavage behavior, from
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.4 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
Page 77 and 78:
The results of this study also show
Page 79 and 80:
ich extracts of Agave sisalana (Piz
Page 81 and 82:
food preparation based on baby food
Page 83 and 84:
Table 4.3 LC50 and LC90 (ppm) of sa
Page 85 and 86:
1 2 3 Figure 4.1 Structure of the t
Page 87 and 88:
When the images of dead larvae were
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 5 Antifungal activity of sa
Page 91 and 92:
visually and microscopically, and s
Page 93 and 94:
Effects of the SREs on in vitro gro
Page 95 and 96:
Table 5.2 Effect of saponin rich ex
Page 97 and 98:
(Table 5.3). In the case of C. cocc
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER 6 Effect of saponins on del
Page 101 and 102:
astomatous cuticles from the upper
Page 103 and 104:
Results Effect of the saponin sourc
Page 105 and 106:
Effect of humidity and temperature
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6.3 Effect of humidity and te
Page 109 and 110:
Discussion and conclusions Agro-mat
Page 111 and 112:
solutions used in our studies has s
Page 113 and 114:
CHAPTER 7 General conclusions and s
Page 115 and 116:
as a delivery adjuvant, not only in
Page 117 and 118:
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 960 pp. Bushw
Page 119 and 120:
Ganzera, M., Bedir, E., Khan ,I.A.
Page 121 and 122:
Keukens, E.A.J., de Vrije, T., van
Page 123 and 124:
Morrissey, J.P., Osbourn, A.E. (199
Page 125 and 126:
Schonherr, J., Riederer, M. (1986).
Page 127 and 128:
Appendices A1 - A4: Articles publis
Page 129 and 130:
new and alternative sources of thes
Page 131 and 132:
first dissolved in 1 ml methanol an
Page 133 and 134:
In Table 1, the total sapogenin as
Page 135 and 136:
114 5. Beneytout JL, Nappez C, Lebo
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix: A2 Natural Product Commun
Page 139 and 140:
min, and finally rinsed three times
Page 141 and 142:
level was significantly increased f
Page 143 and 144:
Table1. Effect of plant growth regu
Page 145 and 146:
A B C D Fig 1. Different callus typ
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix: A3 African Journal of Bio
Page 149 and 150:
The data obtained were statisticall
Page 151 and 152:
Table 4. Mortality of Culex pipiens
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix: A4 Dengue Bulletin 2005;
Page 155 and 156:
of the Institutes for Applied Resea
Page 157 and 158:
References 136 1. Halstead SB. Glob
Page 159 and 160:
112 H20a-H21-H23b-H24bb 23a 31.5 1.
Page 161 and 162:
112.0 H15 β -H17a-H20a-H21 23a 31.
Page 163 and 164:
112 H20b-H24aa-H24bb 23a 31.4 1.64
Page 165 and 166:
םהיתויוליעפו םהיתו
Page 167 and 168:
. םיינגוזה םורדו תח
Page 169 and 170:
םוקאזה ישרושב ירקי
Page 171:
םיטביה לש הנבהה היי
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CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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