CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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growth regulators and somatic embryogenesis together with the explants. In summary, it is hoped that the outcome of this study would certainly help to further increase the understanding of saponins and to help to expand the use of B. aegyptiaca through exploitation of new uses concerning its saponin content. That would ultimately help to domesticate this highly potential but most neglected plant in arid regions of Africa and Asia, which could certainly help to improve the ecological and financial situation of the world’s most difficult area in long run. Key words: Balanites, provenances, saponins, diosgenin, biological activities, LC-ESI- MS n , NMR, larvicidal, antifungal, Aëdes, Culex, Pithium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Verticillium, Colletrotrichum, leaf cuticles, nano-vesicles, callus culture, PGR, embryogenesis. v
Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Table of Contents vi List of Figures xi List of Tables xiv Glossary xvi List of articles xvii Thesis organization xviii CHAPTER 1 General introduction 1 Balanites aegyptiaca 1 - Description of the plant 1 - History of the plant 1 - Distribution 2 - A tree of arid and semi arid region 4 - The uses 5 Saponins 6 - Structure and basic properties 6 - Biological properties 8 - Nutritive properties 9 - Association with membrane 10 Balanites aegyptiaca and saponins 11 vi
Page 1 and 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Ba
Page 3 and 4: This work was carried out under the
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The desert date (Balanites
Page 7: of various Balanites tissues sugges
Page 11 and 12: Materials and methods 38 - Sample c
Page 13 and 14: - Effect of the saponin source on p
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.9 1 H NMR spectrum showing
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables Table 2.1 Major HPLC
Page 19 and 20: Glossary CID collision induced diss
Page 21 and 22: Thesis organization This thesis is
Page 23 and 24: fruits have been found in Pharaohs'
Page 25 and 26: Fig 1.3. Map showing the Balanites
Page 27 and 28: themselves provide shade and shelte
Page 29 and 30: should be no surprise that the name
Page 31 and 32: Association with membranes Most bio
Page 33 and 34: the African or Indian samples. No w
Page 35 and 36: Objective and Hypothesis Objectives
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 Characterization of the f
Page 39 and 40: Extraction and separation For the e
Page 41 and 42: and analysed with an ELS detector (
Page 43 and 44: c d a Figure 2.2. Electrospray mass
Page 45 and 46: corresponds with the claims of earl
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.2. MS n Electrospray mass s
Page 49 and 50: 1209, and could be isomers of these
Page 51 and 52: compound as 26-(O-β-D-glucopyranos
Page 53 and 54: In the 1 H NMR spectrum, resonances
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.11. Structure of the sapon
Page 57 and 58: Conclusions From this study we can
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that a study of the saponin profile
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HPLC pump and a refractive index (R
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Table 3.1 Peaks, retention time, am
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3.2 ESI-
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Table 3.2 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
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quoted here also are integers obtai
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (i) Fig
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considered cleavage behavior, from
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Table 3.4 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
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The results of this study also show
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ich extracts of Agave sisalana (Piz
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food preparation based on baby food
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Table 4.3 LC50 and LC90 (ppm) of sa
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1 2 3 Figure 4.1 Structure of the t
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When the images of dead larvae were
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 5 Antifungal activity of sa
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visually and microscopically, and s
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Effects of the SREs on in vitro gro
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Table 5.2 Effect of saponin rich ex
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(Table 5.3). In the case of C. cocc
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CHAPTER 6 Effect of saponins on del
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astomatous cuticles from the upper
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Results Effect of the saponin sourc
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Effect of humidity and temperature
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Table 6.3 Effect of humidity and te
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Discussion and conclusions Agro-mat
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solutions used in our studies has s
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CHAPTER 7 General conclusions and s
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as a delivery adjuvant, not only in
Page 117 and 118:
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 960 pp. Bushw
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Ganzera, M., Bedir, E., Khan ,I.A.
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Keukens, E.A.J., de Vrije, T., van
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Morrissey, J.P., Osbourn, A.E. (199
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Schonherr, J., Riederer, M. (1986).
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Appendices A1 - A4: Articles publis
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new and alternative sources of thes
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first dissolved in 1 ml methanol an
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In Table 1, the total sapogenin as
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114 5. Beneytout JL, Nappez C, Lebo
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Appendix: A2 Natural Product Commun
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min, and finally rinsed three times
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level was significantly increased f
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Table1. Effect of plant growth regu
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A B C D Fig 1. Different callus typ
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Appendix: A3 African Journal of Bio
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The data obtained were statisticall
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Table 4. Mortality of Culex pipiens
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix: A4 Dengue Bulletin 2005;
Page 155 and 156:
of the Institutes for Applied Resea
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References 136 1. Halstead SB. Glob
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112 H20a-H21-H23b-H24bb 23a 31.5 1.
Page 161 and 162:
112.0 H15 β -H17a-H20a-H21 23a 31.
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112 H20b-H24aa-H24bb 23a 31.4 1.64
Page 165 and 166:
םהיתויוליעפו םהיתו
Page 167 and 168:
. םיינגוזה םורדו תח
Page 169 and 170:
םוקאזה ישרושב ירקי
Page 171:
םיטביה לש הנבהה היי
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CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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