CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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membranes of some fungi. Therefore, there is a good chance that these saponins will cause a loss of cuticle integrity and, as a result, exhibit significant larvicidal or fungicidal activity. B. aegyptiaca saponins may also exhibit considerable affinity for the phytosterols of the plant cuticle membrane that may lead to membranes with reversible pores or with a certain degree of disorder, which would enhance the delivery of agro-materials through this cuticle membrane. That could ultimately make Balanites saponins a good candidate for the delivery of biomaterials with some sort of antifungal properties through the plant cuticle membrane. Such a delivery system could ultimately be exploited in the foliar application of pesticides, fertilizers, or herbicides, and this ultimately helps the domestication process of the most neglected plant species. This may also help in ecological conservation by growing Balanites plants in a harsh arid region like the Israeli Negev desert, where other plant species barely grow. 15
CHAPTER 2 Characterization of the fruit mesocarp saponins of Balanites aegyptiaca Introduction Saponins are the most widely distributed group of natural secondary metabolite compounds found in plants and have numerous uses, traditional as well as modern. They are high molecular weight glycosides consisting of either a triterpenoid or a steroid type aglycone; and one or more sugar chains (Hostettmann and Marston, 1995). The structural diversity and resulting wide range of polarities, including numerous sugar moieties, makes saponin a complex compound and presents a considerable challenge for structural elucidation (Oleszek, 2002). With the recognition of additional beneficial uses for saponins, their identification in different plants has taken on greater significance in phytochemistry. Traditional methods for identifying saponins in plants are complicated and time-consuming because saponins are highly polar, thermally labile, and structurally complex molecules found at low levels in most plant species (Huhman and Sumner, 2002). Therefore, there is increasing demand for better methods of identifying and structurally characterizing saponins. To date, mass spectrometry (MS) has been very popular for identification of certain unknown biomolecules. MS determines the mass to charge ratio (m/z) of gas phase ions required to vaporize the sample molecule. For this, a nano-scale sample, and sometimes even a pico-scale sample, is sufficient (Chatman et al., 1999). Until recently, when electron impact (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) methods were used in MS, samples were needed for derivatization. However, thermally labile samples, like saponins, were difficult to detect. After the development of soft-ionization methods, e.g., electrospray (ES), detection of mass by direct analysis of polar and thermally labile molecules without prior derivatization became a possibility (Fenn et al., 1989). Furthermore, since the development of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a technique in which a parent ion is mass-selected and induced to fragment into structurally significant products (De Hoffmann, 1996), MS has become more reliable in identification of the mass of various biomolecules. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has already been used to detect and 16
Page 1 and 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Ba
Page 3 and 4: This work was carried out under the
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The desert date (Balanites
Page 7 and 8: of various Balanites tissues sugges
Page 9 and 10: Contents Acknowledgements i Abstrac
Page 11 and 12: Materials and methods 38 - Sample c
Page 13 and 14: - Effect of the saponin source on p
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.9 1 H NMR spectrum showing
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables Table 2.1 Major HPLC
Page 19 and 20: Glossary CID collision induced diss
Page 21 and 22: Thesis organization This thesis is
Page 23 and 24: fruits have been found in Pharaohs'
Page 25 and 26: Fig 1.3. Map showing the Balanites
Page 27 and 28: themselves provide shade and shelte
Page 29 and 30: should be no surprise that the name
Page 31 and 32: Association with membranes Most bio
Page 33 and 34: the African or Indian samples. No w
Page 35: Objective and Hypothesis Objectives
Page 39 and 40: Extraction and separation For the e
Page 41 and 42: and analysed with an ELS detector (
Page 43 and 44: c d a Figure 2.2. Electrospray mass
Page 45 and 46: corresponds with the claims of earl
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.2. MS n Electrospray mass s
Page 49 and 50: 1209, and could be isomers of these
Page 51 and 52: compound as 26-(O-β-D-glucopyranos
Page 53 and 54: In the 1 H NMR spectrum, resonances
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.11. Structure of the sapon
Page 57 and 58: Conclusions From this study we can
Page 59 and 60: that a study of the saponin profile
Page 61 and 62: HPLC pump and a refractive index (R
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.1 Peaks, retention time, am
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3.2 ESI-
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.2 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
Page 69 and 70: quoted here also are integers obtai
Page 71 and 72: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (i) Fig
Page 73 and 74: considered cleavage behavior, from
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.4 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
Page 77 and 78: The results of this study also show
Page 79 and 80: ich extracts of Agave sisalana (Piz
Page 81 and 82: food preparation based on baby food
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.3 LC50 and LC90 (ppm) of sa
Page 85 and 86: 1 2 3 Figure 4.1 Structure of the t
Page 87 and 88:
When the images of dead larvae were
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 5 Antifungal activity of sa
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visually and microscopically, and s
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Effects of the SREs on in vitro gro
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Table 5.2 Effect of saponin rich ex
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(Table 5.3). In the case of C. cocc
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CHAPTER 6 Effect of saponins on del
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astomatous cuticles from the upper
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Results Effect of the saponin sourc
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Effect of humidity and temperature
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6.3 Effect of humidity and te
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Discussion and conclusions Agro-mat
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solutions used in our studies has s
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CHAPTER 7 General conclusions and s
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as a delivery adjuvant, not only in
Page 117 and 118:
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 960 pp. Bushw
Page 119 and 120:
Ganzera, M., Bedir, E., Khan ,I.A.
Page 121 and 122:
Keukens, E.A.J., de Vrije, T., van
Page 123 and 124:
Morrissey, J.P., Osbourn, A.E. (199
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Schonherr, J., Riederer, M. (1986).
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Appendices A1 - A4: Articles publis
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new and alternative sources of thes
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first dissolved in 1 ml methanol an
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In Table 1, the total sapogenin as
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114 5. Beneytout JL, Nappez C, Lebo
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Appendix: A2 Natural Product Commun
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min, and finally rinsed three times
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level was significantly increased f
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Table1. Effect of plant growth regu
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A B C D Fig 1. Different callus typ
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Appendix: A3 African Journal of Bio
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The data obtained were statisticall
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Table 4. Mortality of Culex pipiens
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix: A4 Dengue Bulletin 2005;
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of the Institutes for Applied Resea
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References 136 1. Halstead SB. Glob
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112 H20a-H21-H23b-H24bb 23a 31.5 1.
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112.0 H15 β -H17a-H20a-H21 23a 31.
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112 H20b-H24aa-H24bb 23a 31.4 1.64
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םהיתויוליעפו םהיתו
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. םיינגוזה םורדו תח
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םוקאזה ישרושב ירקי
Page 171:
םיטביה לש הנבהה היי
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CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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