CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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A Fig 1.2: Immature fruiting branch (A), mature fruits (B), nuts (C), and kernels of Balanites. Balanites are not only grown throughout the African continent but also in the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, and Southern Asia. Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, North and South Yemen, India, and Myanmar are the countries beyond Africa where Balanites naturally grow. In Israel, Balanites are found in the Arava Valley (near the Jordanian border), Eilat (near Red Sea coast), Ein-Gedi oasis (near the Dead Sea), and Bet-Shean Valley (near the Sea of Galilee) (Chapagain and Wiesman, 2005). The growth range of Balanites was found to extend across more than 50º of latitude: from 35º N (Bet-Shean Valley, Israel) to about 19º S (Budi district, Zimbawe) (Zohary, 1973). However, it is mainly distributed in semiarid and arid zones in tropical Africa (Fig 1.3). The tree is called as Lalob in Arabic, Aduwa in Hausa, Hingota in Hindi, and Zaqum mitzri in Hebrew. In the Indian subcontinent, so far B. aegyptiaca and its subspecies are reported to be found only in India and neighboring Burma (Union of Myanmar) (Fig 1.4). In India, Balanites are widely grown in Rajasthan and neighboring states, whereas in Burma this plant is recorded so far only from the Irrawady Valley and one of two adjacent areas between Yeu (ca. 22º 50' N) in the north and Prome (ca. 18º 15' N) in the south. The Burmese species is better known as B. triflora. The Indian species of Balanites is known Balanites roxburghii). Although some taxonomists have indicated the differences between these two species of Balanities, until they are precisely examined, the relationships between triflora and roxburghii remain uncertain (Sands, 2001). B C D 3
Fig 1.3. Map showing the Balanites aegyptiaca population distribution in Africa (according to Hall and Walker, 1991) A tree adapted for arid and semiarid regions B. aegyptiaca has developed an armory of weapons against the conditions it must endure in its native semiarid and arid regions. In the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa, the tree rarely exceeds 10 m in height, but the thick and tough leaves with a glossy coating provide protection from the dry air (Hall and Walker, 1991). The double root system runs vertically and horizontally, finding water up to 7 m below the surface and within a radius of up to 20 m from the trunk. This root system also helps the tree endure sandstorms which are common in this region and which uproot and severely damage other trees. Under such harsh conditions, the coating of sand around each root provides an insulating layer of air, which helps moderate temperature fluctuations and reduce evaporation. The long green spines and branches continue to photosynthesize even long after the leaves have fallen off, and thus ensure the trees' survival. Thus, from the crown of the tree down to its roots, B. aegyptiaca is well adapted to surviving under the extreme conditions of the desert. 4
Page 1 and 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Ba
Page 3 and 4: This work was carried out under the
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The desert date (Balanites
Page 7 and 8: of various Balanites tissues sugges
Page 9 and 10: Contents Acknowledgements i Abstrac
Page 11 and 12: Materials and methods 38 - Sample c
Page 13 and 14: - Effect of the saponin source on p
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.9 1 H NMR spectrum showing
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables Table 2.1 Major HPLC
Page 19 and 20: Glossary CID collision induced diss
Page 21 and 22: Thesis organization This thesis is
Page 23: fruits have been found in Pharaohs'
Page 27 and 28: themselves provide shade and shelte
Page 29 and 30: should be no surprise that the name
Page 31 and 32: Association with membranes Most bio
Page 33 and 34: the African or Indian samples. No w
Page 35 and 36: Objective and Hypothesis Objectives
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 Characterization of the f
Page 39 and 40: Extraction and separation For the e
Page 41 and 42: and analysed with an ELS detector (
Page 43 and 44: c d a Figure 2.2. Electrospray mass
Page 45 and 46: corresponds with the claims of earl
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.2. MS n Electrospray mass s
Page 49 and 50: 1209, and could be isomers of these
Page 51 and 52: compound as 26-(O-β-D-glucopyranos
Page 53 and 54: In the 1 H NMR spectrum, resonances
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.11. Structure of the sapon
Page 57 and 58: Conclusions From this study we can
Page 59 and 60: that a study of the saponin profile
Page 61 and 62: HPLC pump and a refractive index (R
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.1 Peaks, retention time, am
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3.2 ESI-
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.2 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
Page 69 and 70: quoted here also are integers obtai
Page 71 and 72: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (i) Fig
Page 73 and 74: considered cleavage behavior, from
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.4 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
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The results of this study also show
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ich extracts of Agave sisalana (Piz
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food preparation based on baby food
Page 83 and 84:
Table 4.3 LC50 and LC90 (ppm) of sa
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1 2 3 Figure 4.1 Structure of the t
Page 87 and 88:
When the images of dead larvae were
Page 89 and 90:
CHAPTER 5 Antifungal activity of sa
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visually and microscopically, and s
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Effects of the SREs on in vitro gro
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Table 5.2 Effect of saponin rich ex
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(Table 5.3). In the case of C. cocc
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CHAPTER 6 Effect of saponins on del
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astomatous cuticles from the upper
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Results Effect of the saponin sourc
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Effect of humidity and temperature
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Table 6.3 Effect of humidity and te
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Discussion and conclusions Agro-mat
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solutions used in our studies has s
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CHAPTER 7 General conclusions and s
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as a delivery adjuvant, not only in
Page 117 and 118:
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 960 pp. Bushw
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Ganzera, M., Bedir, E., Khan ,I.A.
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Keukens, E.A.J., de Vrije, T., van
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Morrissey, J.P., Osbourn, A.E. (199
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Schonherr, J., Riederer, M. (1986).
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Appendices A1 - A4: Articles publis
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new and alternative sources of thes
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first dissolved in 1 ml methanol an
Page 133 and 134:
In Table 1, the total sapogenin as
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114 5. Beneytout JL, Nappez C, Lebo
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Appendix: A2 Natural Product Commun
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min, and finally rinsed three times
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level was significantly increased f
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Table1. Effect of plant growth regu
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A B C D Fig 1. Different callus typ
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Appendix: A3 African Journal of Bio
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The data obtained were statisticall
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Table 4. Mortality of Culex pipiens
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Appendix: A4 Dengue Bulletin 2005;
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of the Institutes for Applied Resea
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References 136 1. Halstead SB. Glob
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112 H20a-H21-H23b-H24bb 23a 31.5 1.
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112.0 H15 β -H17a-H20a-H21 23a 31.
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112 H20b-H24aa-H24bb 23a 31.4 1.64
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םהיתויוליעפו םהיתו
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. םיינגוזה םורדו תח
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םוקאזה ישרושב ירקי
Page 171:
םיטביה לש הנבהה היי
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CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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