CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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Culex pipens mosquito larvae at different assay times. Table 4.4 EC50 (ppm) value of the saponin-rich extracts (SREs) of B. aegyptiaca fruit mesocarp (ME), kernel cake (KE), and root (RE) against Culex pipens mosquito larvae. Table 4.5 LC50 and LC90 (ppm) values of the major saponins of methanol extract of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit mesocarp (ME) two days after exposure against A. aegypti mosquito larvae. Table 5.1 Saponin amounts in the saponin-rich extracts (SREs) 71 Table 5.2 Effect of saponin rich extracts (SREs) on in vitro mycelial colony growth of fungi. Table 5.3 LC50 values (% w/v) of saponin rich extracts (SREs) 75 Table 6.1 Effect of SREs as rate adjuvant on rate penetration of 2,4-D ( 14 C) across CMs Table 6.2 Effect of ME concentration on rate penetration of 2,4-D ( 14 C) across CMs Table 6.3 Effect of humidity and temperature on penetration of 2,4-D ( 14 C) across CMs xv 62 65 74 83 85 86
Glossary CID collision induced dissociation CMs leaf cuticular membrane COSY two-dimensional 1 H correlation spectrometry DEPT distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer DDW double distilled water DW dry weight ELS evaporative light scattering Gal β-D-Galactose GC gas chromatography GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Glu β-D-Glucose HMBC 1 H-detected heteronuclear one bond spectroscopy HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HPPL high performance particle size HSQC heteronuclear single quantum coherence IR infra-red LC-MS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry m/z mass-to-charge ratio Me methyl NMR nuclear magnetic resonance PPM parts per million Rha α-L-rhamnose (6-deoxymannose) RI refractive index SEM scanning electron microscope SOFU simulation of foliar uptake TEM transmission electron microscope TLC thin layer chromatography UV ultra-violet Xyl β-D-Xylose xvi
Page 1 and 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Ba
Page 3 and 4: This work was carried out under the
Page 5 and 6: Abstract The desert date (Balanites
Page 7 and 8: of various Balanites tissues sugges
Page 9 and 10: Contents Acknowledgements i Abstrac
Page 11 and 12: Materials and methods 38 - Sample c
Page 13 and 14: - Effect of the saponin source on p
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2.9 1 H NMR spectrum showing
Page 17: List of Tables Table 2.1 Major HPLC
Page 21 and 22: Thesis organization This thesis is
Page 23 and 24: fruits have been found in Pharaohs'
Page 25 and 26: Fig 1.3. Map showing the Balanites
Page 27 and 28: themselves provide shade and shelte
Page 29 and 30: should be no surprise that the name
Page 31 and 32: Association with membranes Most bio
Page 33 and 34: the African or Indian samples. No w
Page 35 and 36: Objective and Hypothesis Objectives
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 Characterization of the f
Page 39 and 40: Extraction and separation For the e
Page 41 and 42: and analysed with an ELS detector (
Page 43 and 44: c d a Figure 2.2. Electrospray mass
Page 45 and 46: corresponds with the claims of earl
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.2. MS n Electrospray mass s
Page 49 and 50: 1209, and could be isomers of these
Page 51 and 52: compound as 26-(O-β-D-glucopyranos
Page 53 and 54: In the 1 H NMR spectrum, resonances
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.11. Structure of the sapon
Page 57 and 58: Conclusions From this study we can
Page 59 and 60: that a study of the saponin profile
Page 61 and 62: HPLC pump and a refractive index (R
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.1 Peaks, retention time, am
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3.2 ESI-
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.2 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
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quoted here also are integers obtai
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (i) Fig
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considered cleavage behavior, from
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Table 3.4 The LC-ESI-MS and corresp
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The results of this study also show
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ich extracts of Agave sisalana (Piz
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food preparation based on baby food
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Table 4.3 LC50 and LC90 (ppm) of sa
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1 2 3 Figure 4.1 Structure of the t
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When the images of dead larvae were
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CHAPTER 5 Antifungal activity of sa
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visually and microscopically, and s
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Effects of the SREs on in vitro gro
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Table 5.2 Effect of saponin rich ex
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(Table 5.3). In the case of C. cocc
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CHAPTER 6 Effect of saponins on del
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astomatous cuticles from the upper
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Results Effect of the saponin sourc
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Effect of humidity and temperature
Page 107 and 108:
Table 6.3 Effect of humidity and te
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Discussion and conclusions Agro-mat
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solutions used in our studies has s
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CHAPTER 7 General conclusions and s
Page 115 and 116:
as a delivery adjuvant, not only in
Page 117 and 118:
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 960 pp. Bushw
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Ganzera, M., Bedir, E., Khan ,I.A.
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Keukens, E.A.J., de Vrije, T., van
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Morrissey, J.P., Osbourn, A.E. (199
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Schonherr, J., Riederer, M. (1986).
Page 127 and 128:
Appendices A1 - A4: Articles publis
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new and alternative sources of thes
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first dissolved in 1 ml methanol an
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In Table 1, the total sapogenin as
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114 5. Beneytout JL, Nappez C, Lebo
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Appendix: A2 Natural Product Commun
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min, and finally rinsed three times
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level was significantly increased f
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Table1. Effect of plant growth regu
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A B C D Fig 1. Different callus typ
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Appendix: A3 African Journal of Bio
Page 149 and 150:
The data obtained were statisticall
Page 151 and 152:
Table 4. Mortality of Culex pipiens
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix: A4 Dengue Bulletin 2005;
Page 155 and 156:
of the Institutes for Applied Resea
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References 136 1. Halstead SB. Glob
Page 159 and 160:
112 H20a-H21-H23b-H24bb 23a 31.5 1.
Page 161 and 162:
112.0 H15 β -H17a-H20a-H21 23a 31.
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112 H20b-H24aa-H24bb 23a 31.4 1.64
Page 165 and 166:
םהיתויוליעפו םהיתו
Page 167 and 168:
. םיינגוזה םורדו תח
Page 169 and 170:
םוקאזה ישרושב ירקי
Page 171:
םיטביה לש הנבהה היי
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CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERT DATE (Balanites aegyptiaca)

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