Rumberger, R. W., & Gándara, P. (2005). How well are Cali<strong>for</strong>nia’s English learners mastering English? UC LMRI Newsletter, 14(2), 1-2. Rumberger, R. W., & Palardy, G. J. (2005). Test scores, dropout rates, and transfer rates as alternative indicators of high school per<strong>for</strong>mance. American <strong>Education</strong>al Research Journal, 42(1), 3-42. Rumberger, R. W., & Thomas, S. L. (2000). The distribution of dropout and turnover rates among urban and suburban high schools. Sociology of <strong>Education</strong>, 73(1), 39-67. Saunders, W., & O’Brien, G. (2006). Oral language. In F. Genesee, K. Lindholm-Leary, W. Saunders, & D. Christian (Eds.), Educating English language learners: A synthesis of empirical findings (pp. 176-222). New York: Cambridge University Press. Serpa, M. (2011). An imperative <strong>for</strong> change: Bridging special and language learning education to ensure a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment <strong>for</strong> ELLs with disabilities in Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Mauricio Gastón Institute, University of Massachusetts Boston. Stevenson, K. R. (2006). School size and its relationship to student outcomes and school climate: A review and analysis of eight South Carolina state-wide studies. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse <strong>for</strong> <strong>Education</strong>al Facilities. Suárez-Orozco, C., Suárez Orozco, M., & Todorova, I. (2008). Learning a new land: Immigrant students in American society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Swanson, H., Saez, L., & Gerber, M.(2006). Growth in literacy and cognition in bilingual children at risk or not at risk <strong>for</strong> reading disabilities. Journal of <strong>Education</strong>al Psychology, 98(2), 247-264. Thomas, W. P., & Collier, T. (1997). School effectiveness <strong>for</strong> language minority students. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse <strong>for</strong> Bilingual <strong>Education</strong>. Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. P. (2002). A national study of school effectiveness <strong>for</strong> language minority students’ long-term academic achievement. Santa Cruz, CA: <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> Research on <strong>Education</strong>, Diversity & Excellence. Tregar, B. (2008, July 10). Services to LEP Students: New legal requirements and past/current practice. Boston, MA: Boston Public Schools. Tung, R., Uriarte, M., Diez, V., Lavan, N., Agusti, N., Karp, F., & Meschede, T. (2009). English learners in Boston Public Schools: Enrollment, engagement and academic outcomes, AY2003-AY2006, final report. Boston, MA: Mauricio Gastón Institute, University of Massachusetts Boston. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2009). Income eligibilty guidelines, 09-10. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved August 10, 2010, from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/governance/notices/ iegs/IEGs09-10.pdf. U.S. Department of <strong>Education</strong>, Office of Elementary and Secondary <strong>Education</strong>. (2007, May 7). Assessment and accountability <strong>for</strong> recently arrived and <strong>for</strong>mer Limited English Proficient (LEP) students: Non-regulatory guidance. Retrieved from: http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/guid/lepguidance.doc. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. (2010, September 30). <strong>Education</strong>al opportunity cases. Settlement agreement between United States of America and the Boston Public Schools. Retrieved October 5, 2010, from: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/edu/documents/bostonsettle.pdf. Uriarte, M., Lavan, N., Agusti, N., Kala, M., Karp, F., Kiang, P., Lo, L., Tung, R., & Villari, C. (2009). English learners in Boston Public Schools: Enrollment, engagement and academic outcomes of native speakers of Cape Verdean Creole, Chinese dialects, Haitian Creole, Spanish, and Vietnamese. Boston, MA: Mauricio Gaston Institute,University of Massachusetts Boston. Available: http://www.gaston.umb.edu/articles/2009%20 Language%20Groups%20<strong>Report</strong>_online.pdf. Uriarte, M., & Tung, R. (2009). English learners in Boston Public Schools in the aftermath of policy change: Enrollment and educational outcome, AY2003-AY2006. Boston, MA: Mauricio Gastón Institute, University of Massachusetts Boston. 104 Improving <strong>Education</strong>al Outcomes of English Language Learners in Schools and Programs in Boston Public Schools
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Center for Collaborative Education
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This report, Improving Educational
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VII. DROPPING OUT 48 A. What Are th
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CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
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Language Learners (OELL) has attemp
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CHAPTER II. THE STUDY
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epresented by the blocks in differe
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Table 2. Variables, Definitions, an
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CHAPTER III. ENROLLMENT AND CHARACT
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Figure 1. Change in Enrollment of S
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Native speakers of Haitian Creole a
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In Sum Following a swift decline in
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One of the foci of this study is th
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School Poverty Rate. Income status
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ed a significantly smaller proporti
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In Sum In this chapter we focused o
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One of the deepest and most far-rea
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the transfer of large numbers of LE
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education. There are no studies of
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IN DEPTH: Enrollment of English Lan
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Table 14. Nature of Primary Disabil
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choices. From the data gathered, it
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Becoming fully literate in English,
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Populations focused upon in this an
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Table 19. English Proficiency Level
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who attained the level of English p
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ed among those LEP students scoring
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High dropout rates among Boston Pub
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B What Is the Annual High School Dr
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