2 Why We Need Model-Based Testing

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9 Further Reading
There are many modeling languages based on guarded update rules (or something
similar), including Alloy (Jackson, 2006), ASMs (Gurevich, 1995; Börger
and Stärk, 2003), B (Abrial, 1996), Promela (Holzmann, 2004), TLA (Lamport,
2002), Unity (Chandy and Misra, 1988), VDM (Fitzgerald and Larsen, 1998), and
Z(Woodcock and Loomes, 1989; Spivey, 1992; Davies and Woodcock, 1996; Jacky,
1997). Case studies in these languages show how different kinds of systems can be
described in modeling styles similar to ours.
The immediate predecessors of the modeling library and tools described in this
book are the AsmL language and the AsmL-T tool (Barnett et al., 2003), and more
recently, the Spec# language and the Spec Explorer tool (Veanes et al., in press;
Campbell et al., 2005a). Development on Spec Explorer continues.
Peled (2001) presents an exhaustive exploration algorithm similar to ours.
Grieskamp et al. (2002) describe a more complex exploration algorithm.
Exploration has some similarities to model checking, which also generates and
explores a finite state machine (FSM), but usually emphasizes verifying (or providing
counterexamples to) properties expressed as formulas in temporal logic. This is
similar to our checking of temporal properties, but we express them with FSMs
instead of formulas. Model checking was originally described by Clarke et al. (1986)
in a classic paper and later described in a survey article (Clarke et al., 1994) and a
book (Clarke et al., 1999). Some other model checkers are described in the books
by Peled (2001) and Holzmann (2004).
Composition of model programs is a generalization of the construction of finite
automata for the intersection of regular languages. For example, see the discussion
following Theorem 3.3 on pp. 59–60 of Hopcroft and Ullman (1979).
The classic books on testing are by Myers (1979) Myers et al. (2004), and
Beizer (1984, 1990, 1995). Poston (1996) surveys and collects some early papers on
what we now call model-based testing. Binder (1999) adds special consideration for
object-oriented programs. Kaner et al. (1993) emphasize the pragmatics of testing
desktop applications, including business considerations. Peled (2001) also discusses
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