2 Why We Need Model-Based Testing

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Advanced Topics 261 Client Server ReqSetup(0,3) ResSetup(0,2,Status("Completed")) ReqWork(1,3) ReqWork(2,3) ResWork(1,1,Status("Completed")) ReqWork(3,3) ResWork(2,0,Status("Completed")) ResWork(3,0,Status("Completed")) Conformance failure! Figure 16.1. A trace of actions illustrating a conformance failure in SP. Observable actions are sent from the server to the client. Figure 16.1. After the first seven actions, the value of window in SP is the empty set and the only request that is still pending is 3. The implementation then outputs the response ResWork(3,0,Status("Completed")). This causes a conformance failure, because this action is not enabled in SP[Credits] (the model program SP with the Credits feature included). 16.2 Nondeterminism Nondeterminism means here that there may be multiple possible observable actions enabled in a given model program state. Although the main emphasis of this chapter is on reactive systems, nondeterministic behavior arises also because of reasons other than reactive behavior. A common reason for nondeterminism is that the model program is written at a much higher abstraction level than the system that is being modeled. This typically means that there may be many possible IUT states corresponding to a single model program state and therefore the exact behavior of the IUT is not known in a given model program state. Usually the model program needs to be more abstract because it is a contract and there may be multiple possible implementations that conform to that contract. The implementation that is being modeled may also exhibit random behavior. This will also cause nondeterminism in the model program. The difference compared to nondeterminism due to abstraction is that the model program may be more or less at the same abstraction level as the IUT. In general, reactive behavior leads to spontaneous reactions from the IUT that need to be queued as observable actions by the conformance tester. This leads to asynchronous stepping that is the topic of Section 16.3. There is an important special case of nondeterminism, discussed next, that does not require asynchronous more free ebooks download links at: http://www.ebook-x.com
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridg
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vi Contents 2.7 Some simple scenari
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viii Contents 8.5 Limitations of of
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x Contents V Appendices A Modeling
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xii Preface specification, or appli
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xiv Preface one of the main purpose
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xvi Acknowledgments as evolving alg
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4 Describe, Analyze, Test We also t
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6 Describe, Analyze, Test do behave
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8 Describe, Analyze, Test To use ct
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10 Describe, Analyze, Test Concept
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12 Describe, Analyze, Test testing
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14 Why We Need Model-Based Testing
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32 3 Why We Need Model-Based Analys
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34 Why We Need Model-Based Analysis
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54 Further Reading The standard ref
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58 Model Programs system comprising
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60 Model Programs Figure 5.2. Newsr
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62 Model Programs reasonable work a
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64 Model Programs 5.3.6 Select the
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66 Model Programs } } static bool S
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68 Model Programs Parameters and lo
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70 Model Programs [Test] [Category(
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72 Model Programs that the sequence
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74 Model Programs ServerSend(212.0)
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76 Model Programs using NModel; usi
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80 Model Programs } } // ... contin
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82 Model Programs the set of argume
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84 Model Programs Timeout(); Poll()
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86 Model Programs using System; //
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88 Model Programs // ... Reactive s
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146 Testing Closed Systems Compile
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150 9 Further Reading There are man
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156 Modeling Systems with Structure
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220 Further Reading (Beizer, 1995).
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224 Compositional Modeling 1. First
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228 Compositional Modeling terms) t
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230 Compositional Modeling FSM(0, A
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234 Compositional Modeling FSM(0, A
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Appendices 299 Syntax public sealed
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Appendices 301 of elements. The dat
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Appendices 303 Add(T) Creates a bag
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Appendices 305 Second The second va
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Appendices 307 The Action data type
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Appendices 309 B.1.3 Options /?, /h
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Appendices 313 accepting state is r
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C Glossary Undefined terms The foll
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Appendices 317 assurance method. A
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Appendices 319 decrementing action
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Appendices 321 finitize. To write a
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Appendices 323 IUT. Implementation
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Appendices 325 oracle. The authorit
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Appendices 327 sandbox. Atest harne
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Appendices 329 stopping rule. A rul
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Appendices 331 wait action.Anintern
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Bibliography J.-R. Abrial. The B Bo
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Bibliography 335 E. M. Clarke, O. G
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Bibliography 337 D. Lee and M. Yann
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Bibliography 339 J. Woodcock and M.
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Index a priori testing. See offline
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Index 343 Common Language Infrastru
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Index 345 IOCO theory, 277 isomorph
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Index 347 safety requirement, 34, 1
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Index 349 unshared action, 123-124,
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