2 Why We Need Model-Based Testing

Advanced Topics 277
that linearizes heaps into integer sequences to reduce checking heap isomorphism
to just comparing the integer sequence equality. A survey of symmetry reductions
in temporal logic model checking is given in Miller et al. (2006). The general state
isomorphism problem and more related work is discussed in Veanes et al. (2007b).
Reactive systems. The idea of on-the-fly testing was pioneered in the context of
labeled transition systems using the IOCO theory (Tretmans and Belinfante, 1999;
Brinksma and Tretmans, 2001; van der Bijl et al., 2004) and has been implemented in
tools such as TorX (Tretmans and Brinksma, 2003) and TGV (Jard and Jéron, 2005).
IOCO theory is a formal testing theory based on LTSs with input actions and output
actions, where input actions correspond to controllable actions and output actions
correspond to observable action as discussed in Section 16.1. The IOCO theory
is closely related to refinement of interface automata (de Alfaro and Henzinger,
2001; de Alfaro, 2004) that is based on the notion of alternating refinement (Alur
et al., 1998). Refinement of interface automata supports the view of testing as a
game between a tester and the IUT and is used as the basis for the conformance
relation implemented in the Spec Explorer tool (Veanes et al., 2005). The idea
of using reinforcement learning during on-the-fly (or online) testing is discussed
in Veanes et al. (2006). The relation between IOCO and refinement of interface
automata is briefly discussed in Veanes et al. (2005). The declarative view of the
conformance relation in Section 16.1.1 when the IUT accepts all inputs is closely
related to IOCO, whereas the operational view discussed in the same section is
closely related to refinement of interface automata. The use of games for testing is
pioneered in Alur et al. (1995). A recent overview of using games in testing is given
in Yannakakis (2004). The main emphasis of Chapter 16 is on on-the-fly testing,
offline test generation for nondeterministic systems, and related work is discussed
in Nachmanson et al. (2004) and Blass et al. (2005). The view of testing as a game
is also related to Markov decision processeses (Puterman, 1994; Filar and Vrieze,
1996). On-the-fly testing of real-time embedded systems using model checking
theory has been implemented in the Uppaal-Tron tool (Larsen et al., 2005).
The multiplexing technique discussed in Section 16.6.1 is based on Campbell
et al. (2005b). The inadequacy of using fully sequential time as a way to understand
the runs of a distributed system was first discussed in Lamport (1978). The view
presented in Campbell et al. (2005b) is consistent with Lamport’s formulation of
partially ordered distributed runs. Other work related to multiplexing is discussed
in Campbell et al. (2005b).
more free ebooks download links at:
http://www.ebook-x.com