2 Why We Need Model-Based Testing

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Appendices 321 finitize. To write a finite model program that models an “infinite” system, or to limit exploration of an “infinite” model program to produce a finite state machine. Pruning and sampling are ways to finitize exploration. formal. Expressed in a notation that can be analyzed automatically, such as a programming language. Contrast to informal. frontier. During exploration, the states which have been reached but whose enabled transitions have not yet been executed. functional. State-independent. FSM. Finite state machine FSM model program. Amodel program coded in C# as a sequence terms that represent the transitions of an FSM. FSM text file. Amodel program coded in a text file as a term that represents an FSM. fully qualified name. In C#, the namespace name prefixed to the simple name. The fully qualified name should be unique. GAC. Global Assembly Cache. generic failure. Afailure that does not require an oracle to detect, such as a crash (unhandled exception), a memory leak, or a deadlock. Global Assembly Cache (GAC). In .NET, a special directory where assemblies for installed software are stored. Assemblies may also be located elsewhere. graph. A data structure consisting of nodes connected by links. AnFSM can be represented by a directed graph. group label. State property. grouping. State grouping. guard. Enabling condition. guarded update program. A program that consists of guarded update rules. Our model programs are guarded update programs. guarded update rule. Anaction along with its enabling condition. helper method. A method in a model program that is not an action method. hidden state. State in the implementation that is not represented in the model program. immutable. A data type whose values cannot be changed. Operations on immutable values must construct a new value of the type. In C#, the string type is immutable. The data types defined in the N<strong>Model</strong> library are immutable. implementation. The program, system, or component that is described by a specification or a model program. more free ebooks download links at: http://www.ebook-x.com
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridg
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vi Contents 2.7 Some simple scenari
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viii Contents 8.5 Limitations of of
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x Contents V Appendices A Modeling
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xii Preface specification, or appli
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xiv Preface one of the main purpose
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xvi Acknowledgments as evolving alg
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4 Describe, Analyze, Test We also t
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6 Describe, Analyze, Test do behave
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8 Describe, Analyze, Test To use ct
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10 Describe, Analyze, Test Concept
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12 Describe, Analyze, Test testing
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14 Why We Need Model-Based Testing
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32 3 Why We Need Model-Based Analys
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34 Why We Need Model-Based Analysis
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54 Further Reading The standard ref
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58 Model Programs system comprising
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60 Model Programs Figure 5.2. Newsr
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62 Model Programs reasonable work a
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64 Model Programs 5.3.6 Select the
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66 Model Programs } } static bool S
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68 Model Programs Parameters and lo
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70 Model Programs [Test] [Category(
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72 Model Programs that the sequence
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74 Model Programs ServerSend(212.0)
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76 Model Programs using NModel; usi
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78 Model Programs // ... continued
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80 Model Programs } } // ... contin
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82 Model Programs the set of argume
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84 Model Programs Timeout(); Poll()
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86 Model Programs using System; //
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88 Model Programs // ... Reactive s
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90 Model Programs // ... Reactive s
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92 Model Programs } } // ... Reacti
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94 6 Exploring and Analyzing Finite
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96 Exploring and Analyzing Finite M
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98 Exploring and Analyzing Finite M
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100 Exploring and Analyzing Finite
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116 Structuring Model Programs with
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138 Testing Closed Systems Instead
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140 Testing Closed Systems 0 1 2 3
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142 Testing Closed Systems the mode
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144 Testing Closed Systems } } } }
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146 Testing Closed Systems Compile
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148 Testing Closed Systems B() A()
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150 9 Further Reading There are man
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156 Modeling Systems with Structure
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184 Analyzing Systems with Complex
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192 Testing Systems with Complex St
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220 Further Reading (Beizer, 1995).
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224 Compositional Modeling 1. First
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226 Compositional Modeling a lot of
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228 Compositional Modeling terms) t
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230 Compositional Modeling FSM(0, A
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232 Compositional Modeling and it i
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234 Compositional Modeling FSM(0, A
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236 Compositional Modeling namespac
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238 Compositional Modeling 14.2.6 C
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5 ReqWork(2, 2) 3 0 1 6 7 ReqSetup(
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242 Compositional Modeling placehol
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244 Compositional Modeling It is cl
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246 Compositional Modeling For para
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248 Modeling Objects static class C
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250 Modeling Objects namespace Payr
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252 Modeling Objects } } void SetSa
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254 Modeling Objects 0 CreateEmploy
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256 Modeling Objects The most impor
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258 Modeling Objects What effect wi
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260 Reactive Systems what part of i
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262 Reactive Systems namespace BagM
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264 Reactive Systems 16.3 Asynchron
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266 Reactive Systems namespace SPIm
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268 Reactive Systems refers to the
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270 Reactive Systems tester actions
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272 Reactive Systems 16.5.3 Passive
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274 Reactive Systems The stepper co
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276 Further Reading An approach of
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282 Modeling Library Reference name
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284 Modeling Library Reference and
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286 Modeling Library Reference “D
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288 Modeling Library Reference [Act
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290 Modeling Library Reference If t
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292 Modeling Library Reference Requ
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294 Modeling Library Reference Synt
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Page 650: B Command Reference This appendix d
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Page 658: 312 Command Reference B.3 Conforman
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Page 666: 316 Glossary action. The smallest u
Page 670: 318 Glossary compound value. An NMo
Page 674: 320 Glossary enabling condition. Ap
Page 680: Appendices 323 IUT. Implementation
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Page 688: Appendices 327 sandbox. Atest harne
Page 692: Appendices 329 stopping rule. A rul
Page 696: Appendices 331 wait action.Anintern
Page 700: Bibliography J.-R. Abrial. The B Bo
Page 704: Bibliography 335 E. M. Clarke, O. G
Page 708: Bibliography 337 D. Lee and M. Yann
Page 712: Bibliography 339 J. Woodcock and M.
Page 716: Index a priori testing. See offline
Page 720: Index 343 Common Language Infrastru
Page 724: Index 345 IOCO theory, 277 isomorph
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Index 347 safety requirement, 34, 1
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Index 349 unshared action, 123-124,
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