Muscarinic M1, M3, Nicotinic,GABAA and GABAB Receptor ...

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CONFOCAL STUDIES Muscarinic M1 receptor antibody staining in the pancreas of control and experimental rats Muscarinic M1 receptor subunit antibody staining in the pancreas showed a significant decrease (p
Discussion Glucose is the principal source for energy production in the brain and undisturbed glucose metabolism is pivotally significant for normal function. Glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis of the body are regulated by the nerve system and special glucose sensory neurons with action potential depending on the glucose level in the extracellular medium (Levin et al., 2004). The glucose excitable neurons elevate their activity with an increase in the external glucose concentration, and the glucose suppressible neurons are activated with a decrease in its level. These specialized neurons use glucose and products of its intracellular metabolism for regulation of their activity and release of neurotransmitters (Yang et al., 2004). Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both (Feldman et al., 1997). Hypoglycemia is a relatively common episode primarily affecting diabetic patients receiving treatment with insulin or other hypoglycemic drugs and patients suffering from insulinoma (Cryer, 2004). The metabolic stressor, hypoglycemia, is a potent threat to neurological function since the brain requires high substrate fuel input, yet maintains only limited energy reserves. Conventional therapeutic management of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, defined as a regimen based upon one or two daily injections of an intermediate-acting insulin formulation, is highly correlated with iatrogenic hypoglycemia (Cryer & Polonsky, 1998). Diabetic patients utilizing such treatment regimens suffer on average one or two episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia weekly. The most common cause of hypoglycemia is the use of exogenous insulin by individuals with type 1 diabetes. The incidence of recurrent hypoglycemia has increased with use of intensive insulin therapy, leading to hypoglycemia being the most feared consequence of such treatment (Amiel, 1998). The neurological consequences of diabetes mellitus in the central nervous system (CNS) are now receiving greater
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MUSCARINIC M1, M3, NICOTINIC, GABAA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To the Almighty God
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Seema Chandran, Ms. Neema Ani Manga
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ABBREVIATIONS 5-HIAA 5 Hydroxy indo
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PFC Prefrontal cortex PLC Phospholi
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GABAC Receptors 34 Glutamic Acid De
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Behavioural response of control and
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the cerebral cortex of control and
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Muscarinic M1 receptor analysis Sca
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REAL TIME-PCR ANALYSIS 81 Real Time
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Real Time PCR analysis of GABAAα1
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pancreas of control and experimenta
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utilization is decreased in the bra
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impairment, coma or seizure (Cryer,
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achieving optimal blood sugar contr
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OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY 1.
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Literature Review Diabetes mellitus
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12 Literature Review from the adren
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14 Literature Review Hypoglycemic c
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16 Literature Review respectively)
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18 Literature Review in extracellul
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20 Literature Review substrates in
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22 Literature Review nucleus, altho
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24 Literature Review al., 1990; Lev
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26 Literature Review muscarinic M2
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Signal transduction by muscarinic a
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30 Literature Review nicotinic acet
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GABAA Receptors 32 Literature Revie
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34 Literature Review GABAB-mediated
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36 Literature Review (Erlander et a
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38 Literature Review which could be
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40 Literature Review administration
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42 Literature Review the hippocampu
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44 Literature Review understanding
Page 71 and 72: Confocal Dyes Rat primary antibody
Page 73 and 74: antipyryl)-p-benzo quinoneimine. Th
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Page 77 and 78: ANALYSIS OF THE RECEPTOR BINDING DA
Page 79 and 80: Taqman probes of muscarinic M1, M3,
Page 81 and 82: Taylor, 1968). The islets were isol
Page 83 and 84: Results BODY WEIGHT AND BLOOD GLUCO
Page 85 and 86: 60 Results IIH and C + IIH rats sho
Page 87 and 88: Real Time-PCR analysis of muscarini
Page 89 and 90: Real Time PCR analysis of SOD 64 Re
Page 91 and 92: 66 Results GABAAα1 receptor antibo
Page 93 and 94: 68 Results compared to diabetic gro
Page 95 and 96: 70 Results compared to diabetic rat
Page 97 and 98: 72 Results Muscarinic M3 receptor a
Page 99 and 100: Muscarinic M3 receptor analysis 74
Page 101 and 102: 76 Results group, α7 nAChR mRNA si
Page 103 and 104: 78 Results diabetic rats. In C + II
Page 105 and 106: Muscarinic M1 receptor analysis 80
Page 107 and 108: Real Time-PCR analysis of α7 nAChR
Page 109 and 110: Real Time PCR analysis of phospholi
Page 111 and 112: HIPPOCAMPUS Total muscarinic recept
Page 113 and 114: 88 Results IIH and C + IIH group sh
Page 115 and 116: 90 Results group, GLUT3 mRNA signif
Page 117 and 118: 92 Results α7 nACh receptor antibo
Page 119 and 120: GABA receptor analysis 94 Results S
Page 121: 96 Results control. D + IIH and C +
Page 125 and 126: 100 Discussion The ability to sense
Page 127 and 128: 102 Discussion The Y-maze test is a
Page 129 and 130: 104 Discussion CHOLINERGIC ENZYME A
Page 131 and 132: 106 Discussion Pancreas Insulin sec
Page 133 and 134: 108 Discussion 2003). Cholinergic m
Page 135 and 136: 110 Discussion brain for learning,
Page 137 and 138: 112 Discussion hypoglycemia on brai
Page 139 and 140: 114 Discussion shows impaired expre
Page 141 and 142: 116 Discussion glycemic control is
Page 143 and 144: 118 Discussion release (Ilcol et al
Page 145 and 146: 120 Discussion al., 1992), it has t
Page 147 and 148: 122 Discussion metabolic cycles are
Page 149 and 150: 124 Discussion al., 1988). Low bloo
Page 151 and 152: 126 Discussion modulate the second
Page 153 and 154: 128 Discussion between excitation a
Page 155 and 156: 130 Discussion hypoglycemic seizure
Page 157 and 158: 132 Discussion Insulin secretion fr
Page 159 and 160: 134 Discussion hyper and hypoglycem
Page 161 and 162: 136 Discussion receptors in glucose
Page 163 and 164: 138 Discussion exacerbated by recur
Page 165 and 166: 140 Discussion Haces et al., 2010).
Page 167 and 168: 142 Discussion hypoglycemic and dia
Page 169 and 170: 144 Discussion transcription factor
Page 171 and 172: Summary 1. Insulin induced hypoglyc
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148 Summary specific antibodies con
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150 Summary 16. Transcription facto
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References Abdelmalik PA, Shannon P
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6. Anju T R, Pretty Mary Abraham, S
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Body weight (gm) 300 250 200 150 10
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Figure-3 Blood glucose levels at di
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Figure-5 Behavioural response of co
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Figure-7 Scatchard analysis of [ 3
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Figure-11 Real Time PCR amplificati
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C D + IIH Figure--25 Muscarinic M1
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Figure--27 α 7 nACh receptor expre
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Figure--47 Muscarinic M1 receptor e
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Figure--49 α7 nicotinic acetylchol
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Figure--71 α7 nicotinic acetylchol
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C Figure--93 GABAAα1 receptor expr
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Figure-101 Real Time PCR amplificat
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Figure—113 Muscarinic M3 receptor
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Figure--115 GABAAα1 receptor expre
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Figure-117 Scatchard analysis of [
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Figure-119 Scatchard analysis of [
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Figure-131 Muscarinic M1 receptor e
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C D + IIH Figure-133 GABAAα1 recep
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