Muscarinic M1, M3, Nicotinic,GABAA and GABAB Receptor ...

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neuronal vulnerability to the point where neuronal adaptation shifts from neuronal plasticity towards neuronal damage (Reagan et al., 2000). In the central nervous system, programmed cell death or apoptosis is considered to be an important phenomenon that is related to neuron vulnerability to stress condition. Bax is a protein, identified as regulating molecules for programmed cell death. A possible relationship between the localization and expression of Bax protein and the cell vulnerability in central nervous system is reported (Hara et al., 2004). The cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) The cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) is a nuclear protein that modulates the transcription of genes with cAMP responsive elements in their promoters. Increases in the concentration of either Ca 2+ or cAMP trigger the phosphorylation and activation of CREB. This transcription factor is a component of intracellular signaling events that regulate a wide range of biological functions, from spermatogenesis to circadian rhythms and memory. Byrne (1993) reported the role of CREB in cellular events underlying long-term but not short-term memory. Genetic and pharmacological studies in mice and rats demonstrate that CREB is required for a variety of complex forms of memory, including spatial and social learning, thus indicating that CREB may be a universal modulator of processes required for memory formation (Silva, 1998). The present study was carried out to elucidate hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic effect on brain cholinergic and GABAergic receptors functional regulation, alterations in insulin receptor, GLUT3, pro-apoptotic protein - Bax and the changes at second messenger level by analyzing the expressional changes in second messenger enzyme; phospholipase C and changes at transcription level using transcription factor, CREB in the brain regions and pancreas of experimental rats. Studies on the functional regulation of ACh and GABA through their receptor subtypes during hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia will lead to a better 43
44 Literature Review understanding of the cognitive and memory dysfunction due to neuronal damage in the brain.
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MUSCARINIC M1, M3, NICOTINIC, GABAA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To the Almighty God
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Seema Chandran, Ms. Neema Ani Manga
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ABBREVIATIONS 5-HIAA 5 Hydroxy indo
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PFC Prefrontal cortex PLC Phospholi
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GABAC Receptors 34 Glutamic Acid De
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Behavioural response of control and
Page 17 and 18: the cerebral cortex of control and
Page 19 and 20: Muscarinic M1 receptor analysis Sca
Page 21 and 22: REAL TIME-PCR ANALYSIS 81 Real Time
Page 23 and 24: Real Time PCR analysis of GABAAα1
Page 25 and 26: pancreas of control and experimenta
Page 27 and 28: utilization is decreased in the bra
Page 29 and 30: impairment, coma or seizure (Cryer,
Page 31 and 32: achieving optimal blood sugar contr
Page 33 and 34: OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY 1.
Page 35 and 36: Literature Review Diabetes mellitus
Page 37 and 38: 12 Literature Review from the adren
Page 39 and 40: 14 Literature Review Hypoglycemic c
Page 41 and 42: 16 Literature Review respectively)
Page 43 and 44: 18 Literature Review in extracellul
Page 45 and 46: 20 Literature Review substrates in
Page 47 and 48: 22 Literature Review nucleus, altho
Page 49 and 50: 24 Literature Review al., 1990; Lev
Page 51 and 52: 26 Literature Review muscarinic M2
Page 53 and 54: Signal transduction by muscarinic a
Page 55 and 56: 30 Literature Review nicotinic acet
Page 57 and 58: GABAA Receptors 32 Literature Revie
Page 59 and 60: 34 Literature Review GABAB-mediated
Page 61 and 62: 36 Literature Review (Erlander et a
Page 63 and 64: 38 Literature Review which could be
Page 65 and 66: 40 Literature Review administration
Page 67: 42 Literature Review the hippocampu
Page 71 and 72: Confocal Dyes Rat primary antibody
Page 73 and 74: antipyryl)-p-benzo quinoneimine. Th
Page 75 and 76: was analyzed. Data was expressed as
Page 77 and 78: ANALYSIS OF THE RECEPTOR BINDING DA
Page 79 and 80: Taqman probes of muscarinic M1, M3,
Page 81 and 82: Taylor, 1968). The islets were isol
Page 83 and 84: Results BODY WEIGHT AND BLOOD GLUCO
Page 85 and 86: 60 Results IIH and C + IIH rats sho
Page 87 and 88: Real Time-PCR analysis of muscarini
Page 89 and 90: Real Time PCR analysis of SOD 64 Re
Page 91 and 92: 66 Results GABAAα1 receptor antibo
Page 93 and 94: 68 Results compared to diabetic gro
Page 95 and 96: 70 Results compared to diabetic rat
Page 97 and 98: 72 Results Muscarinic M3 receptor a
Page 99 and 100: Muscarinic M3 receptor analysis 74
Page 101 and 102: 76 Results group, α7 nAChR mRNA si
Page 103 and 104: 78 Results diabetic rats. In C + II
Page 105 and 106: Muscarinic M1 receptor analysis 80
Page 107 and 108: Real Time-PCR analysis of α7 nAChR
Page 109 and 110: Real Time PCR analysis of phospholi
Page 111 and 112: HIPPOCAMPUS Total muscarinic recept
Page 113 and 114: 88 Results IIH and C + IIH group sh
Page 115 and 116: 90 Results group, GLUT3 mRNA signif
Page 117 and 118: 92 Results α7 nACh receptor antibo
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GABA receptor analysis 94 Results S
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96 Results control. D + IIH and C +
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Discussion Glucose is the principal
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100 Discussion The ability to sense
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102 Discussion The Y-maze test is a
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104 Discussion CHOLINERGIC ENZYME A
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106 Discussion Pancreas Insulin sec
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108 Discussion 2003). Cholinergic m
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110 Discussion brain for learning,
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112 Discussion hypoglycemia on brai
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114 Discussion shows impaired expre
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116 Discussion glycemic control is
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118 Discussion release (Ilcol et al
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120 Discussion al., 1992), it has t
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122 Discussion metabolic cycles are
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124 Discussion al., 1988). Low bloo
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126 Discussion modulate the second
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128 Discussion between excitation a
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130 Discussion hypoglycemic seizure
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132 Discussion Insulin secretion fr
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134 Discussion hyper and hypoglycem
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136 Discussion receptors in glucose
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138 Discussion exacerbated by recur
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140 Discussion Haces et al., 2010).
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142 Discussion hypoglycemic and dia
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144 Discussion transcription factor
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Summary 1. Insulin induced hypoglyc
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148 Summary specific antibodies con
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150 Summary 16. Transcription facto
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References Abdelmalik PA, Shannon P
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6. Anju T R, Pretty Mary Abraham, S
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Body weight (gm) 300 250 200 150 10
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Figure-3 Blood glucose levels at di
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Figure-5 Behavioural response of co
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Figure-7 Scatchard analysis of [ 3
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Figure-11 Real Time PCR amplificati
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C D + IIH Figure--25 Muscarinic M1
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Figure--27 α 7 nACh receptor expre
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Figure--47 Muscarinic M1 receptor e
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Figure--49 α7 nicotinic acetylchol
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Figure--71 α7 nicotinic acetylchol
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C Figure--93 GABAAα1 receptor expr
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Figure-101 Real Time PCR amplificat
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Figure—113 Muscarinic M3 receptor
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Figure--115 GABAAα1 receptor expre
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Figure-117 Scatchard analysis of [
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Figure-119 Scatchard analysis of [
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Figure-131 Muscarinic M1 receptor e
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C D + IIH Figure-133 GABAAα1 recep
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