Muscarinic M1, M3, Nicotinic,GABAA and GABAB Receptor ...

1995). As reported by McNay et al 2006 recurrently hypoglycemic rats required
progressively less insulin to achieve hypoglycemia, presumably due to the loss of
the counterregulatory response. Low blood glucose levels are associated with
negative mood states, primarily self-reported ‘‘nervousness” (Boyle and Zrebiec,
2007). Moreover, patients with a history of severe hypoglycemia show
significantly increased levels of anxiety (Wredling et al., 1992) or ‘‘negative
mood” (Gonder-Frederick et al., 2008) relative to other patients with IDDM. The
prolonged effects of even mild hypoglycemia on subsequent counter regulation
underline the importance of scrupulously avoiding even mild hypoglycemic
episodes in patients with diabetes. The body weights of D + IIH and C + IIH rats
showed no significant change compared to control while they showed significant
increased weight compared to diabetic. The initiation of insulin therapy in diabetes
is usually associated with weight gain (Wing et al., 1990).
In the study, both hypoglycemic groups showed increased circulating
insulin level. Alterations in circulating insulin levels and insulin signaling
pathways due to diabetes and its treatment directly affect the brain (Biessels et al.,
2004). Insulin affects multiple mechanisms related to neuronal activity. Although
hyperinsulinemia does not affect whole-brain glucose use, hyperinsulinemia in
rats changed glucose metabolism in the brain regions Hyperinsulinemia has been
reported to antagonize the stimulatory effect of epinephrine on hepatic glucose
production (Moan et al., 1995).
BEHAVIOURAL DEFICITS IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS
We evaluated the behavioural response of experimental rats in Y-maze
test which is used to evaluate the spatial learning in different rat models
(Murugesan, 2005). Also, motor performance of control and experimental rats on
grid walk test were studied. Clinical and animal studies suggest that recurrent
hypoglycemia leads to persistent behavioral and cognitive impairments (Wredling
et al., 1990; Gold et al., 1993; Akyol et al., 2003).
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