Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)

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Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11 For personal use only. 0.16 0.46) among the physicians, followed by artistic workers, printers and waiters. In women, there were no occupations with systematically increased or decreased SIRs in all countries (Table 5). Female farmers had a significantly decreased risk of lip cancer in Denmark and Sweden. Comment. All eight occupations with significant SIRs 1.20 in males include a major part of outdoor work, while the lowest SIRs are in indoor occupations. This fits well with earlier findings indicating / 100 000 8 6 4 2 0 Men Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 that men living in rural areas and in particular those employed in outdoor occupations such as fishermen and farmers have the highest risk of lip cancer [50 52]. The risk has been ascribed to exposure to sunlight and smoking [53]. The pattern of high-risk occupations of lip cancer is very different from / 100 000 the respective pattern of lung cancer. This is in accordance with the observation that smoking is a major risk factor of lip cancer only in interaction with outdoor exposure [53]. The strong decrease in lip cancer incidence rates is in accordance with the decreasing proportion of farmers in the Nordic countries. The small numbers of female lip cancer do not allow conclusions of occupational pattern among them. The low SIRs among female farmers indicate that women on farms have had less outdoor work than men. 8 6 4 2 0 Women Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 Figure 12. Age standardised (World) incidence rates for lip cancer 1943 2005, by country and gender. Modified from NORDCAN [49]. / 100 000 2 1 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Men 0 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 / 100 000 Tongue cancer Cancer of the tongue is rare, but incidence rates in men have approximately doubled from 1960 to 2003 (Figure 13). Rates were lowest in Iceland and, during the last 10 years, highest in Denmark. Among women, rates are approximately half of that among 2 1 Occupation and cancer in Nordic countries 659 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Women 0 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 Figure 13. Age standardised (World) incidence rates for cancer of the tongue 1943 2005, by country and gender. Modified from NORDCAN [49].
Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11 For personal use only. 660 E. Pukkala et al. Table 4. Observed number of lip cancer among men in the Nordic countries and standardised incidence ratios 1961 2005, by country and occupational category. Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Total No Occupational category Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR 95% CI 1 Technical workers, etc 74 0.44 78 0.49 1 1.16 43 0.47 290 0.66 486 0.56 0.52*0.62 2 Laboratory assistants 1 0.30 3 0.81 [0.17] 0.00 3 0.62 2 1.51 9 0.68 0.31*1.28 3 Physicians 1 0.07 [8.94] 0.00 [0.38] 0.00 5 0.37 10 0.52 16 0.28 0.16*0.46 4 Dentists 1 0.24 [2.00] 0.00 [0.08] 0.00 6 0.98 6 0.59 13 0.58 0.31*0.99 5 Nurses 1 5.29 [0.29] 0.00 [0.00] 0.00 1 2.61 [0.52] 0.00 2 1.44 0.17*5.21 6 Assistant nurses 4 1.01 1 4.68 [0.04] 0.00 1 0.40 4 0.59 10 0.75 0.36*1.37 7 ‘‘Other health workers’’ 2 0.16 6 0.62 [0.10] 0.00 1 0.19 15 0.86 24 0.54 0.34*0.80 8 Teachers 33 0.44 26 0.38 1 0.74 31 0.44 45 0.42 136 0.42 0.36*0.50 9 Religious workers etc 14 0.43 9 0.26 [0.94] 0.00 15 0.39 44 0.53 82 0.43 0.34*0.54 10 Artistic workers 3 0.31 3 0.22 [0.26] 0.00 4 0.35 10 0.37 20 0.32 0.20*0.50 11 Journalists 2 0.44 1 0.15 1 6.78 3 0.62 5 0.39 12 0.41 0.21*0.72 12 Administrators 74 0.38 39 0.36 1 0.37 71 0.50 94 0.49 279 0.44 0.39*0.49 13 Clerical workers 33 0.40 46 0.60 2 0.66 45 0.43 113 0.57 239 0.52 0.45*0.59 14 Sales agents 27 0.62 51 0.48 2 1.32 65 0.51 157 0.55 302 0.54 0.48*0.60 15 Shop workers 90 0.46 25 0.62 1 0.97 31 0.69 51 0.58 198 0.54 0.47*0.62 16 Farmers 621 1.56 952 1.53 10 2.18 578 1.45 978 1.68 3 139 1.57 1.51*1.62 17 Gardeners 69 1.25 120 1.53 [0.15] 0.00 133 1.44 355 1.76 677 1.58 1.47*1.71 18 Fishermen 57 3.33 14 1.79 1 0.51 232 1.92 80 3.65 384 2.27 2.05*2.51 19 Forestry workers 18 2.22 124 1.35 [0.02] 0.00 114 1.58 189 1.29 445 1.40 1.27*1.53 20 Miners and quarry workers 3 1.27 21 1.44 [0.03] 0.00 29 1.56 45 1.28 98 1.39 1.13*1.69 21 Seamen 28 1.58 23 1.25 [0.62] 0.00 92 1.06 42 1.42 185 1.21 1.05*1.40 22 Transport workers 34 0.82 44 0.76 [1.44] 0.00 35 0.74 91 0.95 204 0.84 0.73*0.96 23 Drivers 199 1.54 156 0.91 2 1.06 127 1.00 262 1.14 746 1.13 1.05*1.22 24 Postal workers 22 0.86 9 0.34 [0.27] 0.00 19 0.73 32 0.61 82 0.63 0.50*0.78 25 Textile workers 12 0.50 15 0.78 [0.50] 0.00 22 0.75 48 0.74 97 0.70 0.57*0.86 26 Shoe and leather workers 2 0.34 3 0.35 [0.11] 0.00 10 0.76 17 0.62 32 0.58 0.39*0.82 27 Smelting workers 44 0.87 29 1.02 1 1.54 40 1.03 81 0.81 195 0.89 0.78*1.03 28 Mechanics 113 0.81 94 0.57 [1.67] 0.00 118 0.68 376 0.90 701 0.78 0.73*0.84 29 Plumbers 9 0.73 20 0.73 [0.30] 0.00 13 0.67 38 0.79 80 0.74 0.59*0.92 30 Welders 12 0.53 [0.10] 0.00 26 1.27 47 0.93 85 0.91 0.72*1.12 31 Electrical workers 19 0.59 50 0.75 1 1.05 70 0.93 132 0.97 272 0.87 0.77*0.98 32 Wood workers 100 1.01 216 1.06 2 1.83 248 1.15 321 1.02 887 1.06 0.99*1.13 33 Painters 18 0.57 30 0.73 [0.41] 0.00 24 0.65 45 0.51 117 0.59 0.49*0.71 34 ‘‘Other construction workers’’ 255 2.05 162 1.21 3 1.49 58 1.39 248 1.46 726 1.54 1.43*1.65 35 Bricklayers 42 1.18 18 0.84 26 1.19 31 0.75 117 0.98 0.81*1.17 36 Printers 5 0.23 7 0.44 [0.31] 0.00 6 0.29 18 0.41 36 0.35 0.25*0.49 37 Chemical process workers 24 1.14 29 1.00 1 4.70 62 1.22 86 1.12 202 1.14 0.99*1.31 38 Food workers 64 0.95 20 0.94 3 1.60 46 0.82 57 0.77 190 0.86 0.75*0.99 39 Beverage workers 10 1.28 [1.51] 0.00 [0.03] 0.00 [0.39] 0.00 6 1.33 16 1.12 0.64*1.82 40 Tobacco workers 2 1.45 1 4.23 [0.00] 0.00 1 1.08 [0.31] 0.00 4 1.40 0.38*3.59 41 Glass makers etc 52 1.30 28 0.92 [0.32] 0.00 21 0.82 106 1.32 207 1.17 1.02*1.34 42 Packers 42 1.18 81 1.20 [1.08] 0.00 71 0.83 161 1.05 355 1.03 0.93*1.15 43 Engine operators 55 1.54 88 1.08 [1.22] 0.00 42 0.99 131 1.14 316 1.15 1.03*1.28 44 Public safety workers 20 0.58 30 0.61 2 2.13 25 0.72 46 0.72 123 0.67 0.56*0.80 45 Cooks and stewards 2 0.82 [2.53] 0.00 [0.39] 0.00 15 1.05 9 0.82 26 0.85 0.56*1.25 46 Domestic assistants [0.03] 0.00 [0.22] 0.00 [0.00] 0.00 [0.10] 0.00 [0.68] 0.00 [1.02] 0.00 0.00*3.61 47 Waiters [4.95] 0.00 1 0.43 [0.03] 0.00 3 0.46 3 0.53 7 0.36 0.14*0.74 48 Building caretakers 33 0.92 34 0.75 1 2.02 15 0.82 71 1.21 154 0.97 0.83*1.14 49 Chimney sweeps 1 1.14 6 1.78 [1.84] 0.00 4 1.07 11 1.12 0.56*2.00 50 Hairdressers 3 0.29 [0.92] 0.00 [0.05] 0.00 3 0.56 7 0.47 13 0.41 0.22*0.70 51 Launderers 2 0.39 1 1.11 [0.05] 0.00 3 0.93 4 0.38 10 0.50 0.24*0.93 52 Military personnel 4 0.24 8 0.61 19 0.76 35 0.95 66 0.72 0.55*0.91 53 ‘‘Other workers’’ 132 1.25 53 0.98 3 0.76 238 1.42 251 1.34 677 1.31 1.21*1.41 54 Economically inactive 169 1.68 444 1.28 6 2.24 87 0.95 261 0.94 967 1.18 1.11*1.26 1 54 All categories 2 645 1.00 3 231 1.00 45 1.00 2 996 1.00 5 560 1.00 14 477 1.00 Ref. Obs observed number of cases; SIR standardised incidence ratio; 95% CI 95% confidence interval.
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