Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)
Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)
Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)
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Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
%<br />
%<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
1965<br />
1965<br />
1970<br />
1970<br />
1975<br />
1975<br />
1980<br />
1980<br />
Men<br />
varies from 13 in Denmark, 15 64 in Finl<strong>and</strong>, 15<br />
79 in Icel<strong>and</strong>, 16 74 in Norway <strong>and</strong> 16 84 in<br />
Sweden [13].<br />
Both in 1965 <strong>and</strong> 1985, there were more<br />
male than female ever smokers, <strong>and</strong> the proportion<br />
among men decreased consistently over time<br />
(Figure 7) [33]. Among women the proportion<br />
of ever smokers remained largely unchanged over<br />
the period 1965 1985. The percentage of smokers<br />
declines with the educational level in all the Nordic<br />
countries [34].<br />
In Sweden, snuff-taking has for a long time been<br />
more common than in the other Nordic countries.<br />
Until 1995 it was almost exclusively men who took<br />
snuff, but in recent years women have also started to<br />
do so. In 2004 2005 27% of men (16 84 years) <strong>and</strong><br />
5% of women in Sweden took snuff [35]. The<br />
proportion of snuff-takers has increased in Sweden<br />
by 6% since the end of the 1980s until 2004 2005.<br />
In Norway snuff-taking is a new habit, introduced<br />
during the 1990s parallel with the decreasing smoking<br />
prevalence. In 2005 14% of Norwegian men<br />
1985<br />
Year<br />
Women<br />
1985<br />
Year<br />
1990<br />
1990<br />
1995<br />
1995<br />
Denmark<br />
Finl<strong>and</strong><br />
Icel<strong>and</strong><br />
Norway<br />
Sweden<br />
2000<br />
2000<br />
2005<br />
Denmark<br />
Finl<strong>and</strong><br />
Icel<strong>and</strong><br />
Norway<br />
Sweden<br />
Figure 6. Proportion of daily smokers in the Nordic countries.<br />
Men <strong>and</strong> women [14].<br />
2005<br />
%<br />
%<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
<strong>Occupation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>cancer</strong> in Nordic countries 653<br />
Men<br />
19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985<br />
Denmark Finl<strong>and</strong> Icel<strong>and</strong> Norway Sweden<br />
Never Former<br />
Current moderate Current heavy<br />
Women<br />
19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985<br />
Denmark Finl<strong>and</strong> Icel<strong>and</strong> Norway Sweden<br />
Never Former<br />
Current moderate Current heavy<br />
Figure 7. Smoking habits in 1965 <strong>and</strong> 1985 in the Nordic<br />
countries. By gender [33].<br />
aged 16 24 years <strong>and</strong> 10% of men aged 25 44 years<br />
used snuff on a regular basis [36]. The respective<br />
proportions among women were 4% <strong>and</strong> 2%.<br />
Health <strong>and</strong> health care<br />
Life expectancy in the five Nordic countries is<br />
among the highest in the world <strong>and</strong> has risen during<br />
the last decades (Table 3).<br />
Finnish women <strong>and</strong> men have, in the period<br />
between 1960 <strong>and</strong> 2005, on average gained about<br />
Table 3. Life expectancy at birth (in years) in the Nordic<br />
countries 1960 <strong>and</strong> 2005 [14].<br />
Women Men<br />
1960 2005 1960 2005<br />
Denmark 74.4 80.2 70.4 75.6<br />
Finl<strong>and</strong> 72.5 82.3 65.5 75.5<br />
Icel<strong>and</strong> 75.5 83.1 70.7 79.2<br />
Norway 75.8 82.5 71.3 77.7<br />
Sweden 74.9 82.8 71.2 78.4