Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)

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Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11 For personal use only. % % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1965 1965 1970 1970 1975 1975 1980 1980 Men varies from 13 in Denmark, 15 64 in Finland, 15 79 in Iceland, 16 74 in Norway and 16 84 in Sweden [13]. Both in 1965 and 1985, there were more male than female ever smokers, and the proportion among men decreased consistently over time (Figure 7) [33]. Among women the proportion of ever smokers remained largely unchanged over the period 1965 1985. The percentage of smokers declines with the educational level in all the Nordic countries [34]. In Sweden, snuff-taking has for a long time been more common than in the other Nordic countries. Until 1995 it was almost exclusively men who took snuff, but in recent years women have also started to do so. In 2004 2005 27% of men (16 84 years) and 5% of women in Sweden took snuff [35]. The proportion of snuff-takers has increased in Sweden by 6% since the end of the 1980s until 2004 2005. In Norway snuff-taking is a new habit, introduced during the 1990s parallel with the decreasing smoking prevalence. In 2005 14% of Norwegian men 1985 Year Women 1985 Year 1990 1990 1995 1995 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 2000 2000 2005 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Figure 6. Proportion of daily smokers in the Nordic countries. Men and women [14]. 2005 % % 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 Occupation and cancer in Nordic countries 653 Men 19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Never Former Current moderate Current heavy Women 19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985 19651985 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Never Former Current moderate Current heavy Figure 7. Smoking habits in 1965 and 1985 in the Nordic countries. By gender [33]. aged 16 24 years and 10% of men aged 25 44 years used snuff on a regular basis [36]. The respective proportions among women were 4% and 2%. Health and health care Life expectancy in the five Nordic countries is among the highest in the world and has risen during the last decades (Table 3). Finnish women and men have, in the period between 1960 and 2005, on average gained about Table 3. Life expectancy at birth (in years) in the Nordic countries 1960 and 2005 [14]. Women Men 1960 2005 1960 2005 Denmark 74.4 80.2 70.4 75.6 Finland 72.5 82.3 65.5 75.5 Iceland 75.5 83.1 70.7 79.2 Norway 75.8 82.5 71.3 77.7 Sweden 74.9 82.8 71.2 78.4
Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11 For personal use only. 654 E. Pukkala et al. / 1000 20 15 10 5 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 0 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 Figure 8. Infant mortality per 1 000 live births in the Nordic countries in 1960 2004 [37]. 10 years in life expectancy, and all other Nordic populations 5 to 9 years. Icelandic men could expect to live longer than any other men included in OECD statistics in 2005. The differences in life expectancy between the Nordic countries are mostly due to mortality differences in adult life. Infant mortality in the Nordic countries is low (Figure 8) [37]. In the Nordic countries, the health service is financed through taxes or through compulsory health insurance schemes to a large extent. There are well-established primary health care systems and well-developed hospital services. Employees on sick leave either receive their salary or are compensated by special cash allowances. The self-employed ensure themselves. In all of the Nordic countries social assistance is granted if all other support options have been exhausted and all citizens are guaranteed a certain level of income at retirement and disability [13]. Occupational history of the study population The population included in the present study was born between 1896 and 1960 (see Materials and methods). People in the oldest birth cohorts typically started working around the age of 15, in the period between 1910 and 1920. Due to the increasing duration of education, many persons in the youngest birth cohorts started their working careers around the age of 25 or even higher. The normal time for retirement in the Nordic countries has been between 65 and 70 years. Thus, persons included in this study have participated in the labour market from the years before World War I until after the turn of the millennium, covering a period of enormous changes in the types of economic activities and the structure of the labour force in the Nordic countries, as well as in living and working conditions. % % % 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 a. Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year 1995 2000 2005 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 b. Mining, manufacturing, electricity and water Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year 1995 2000 2005 45 40 35 30 25 20 c. Service sector 15 Denmark 10 Finland Iceland 5 Norway 0 Sweden 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year 1995 2000 2005 Figure 9. Proportion of work force by sector in the Nordic countries, both genders combined [12,38,39]. One of the main changes has been the decline in the proportion of the population working in agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing. In 1900 the labour force in all the Nordic countries was largely working in the agricultural sector. The reduction of workers in agriculture came latest to Finland. As much as 63% of Finnish men worked in agriculture in 1930, a much larger proportion than in the other countries. In 1960 the proportion of persons (men and women combined) in agriculture were
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Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)

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