Occupation and cancer - European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)

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Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11 For personal use only. Table 57. Observed number of non melanoma skin cancer among women in the Nordic countries and standardised incidence ratios 1961 2005, by country and occupational category. Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Total No Occupational category Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR Obs SIR 95% CI 1 Technical workers, etc 24 0.86 [0.49] 0.00 13 1.26 77 1.00 114 0.99 0.82*1.18 2 Laboratory assistants 13 0.81 1 1.34 15 1.07 16 1.07 45 0.98 0.72*1.32 3 Physicians 7 1.10 [0.14] 0.00 13 2.22 30 1.89 50 1.77 1.31*2.33 4 Dentists 4 0.38 [0.05] 0.00 11 2.12 26 1.76 41 1.35 0.97*1.83 5 Nurses 83 1.02 8 2.16 123 1.10 279 1.14 493 1.12 1.02*1.22 6 Assistant nurses 90 0.97 7 1.31 101 0.90 373 0.94 571 0.94 0.87*1.02 7 ‘‘Other health workers’’ 74 1.04 2 1.86 125 1.11 153 1.16 354 1.12 1.01*1.24 8 Teachers 166 0.97 8 1.23 268 1.28 625 1.18 1 067 1.16 1.10*1.24 9 Religious workers etc 60 0.95 [0.99] 0.00 74 1.38 171 1.05 305 1.08 0.97*1.21 10 Artistic workers 7 0.54 1 1.20 22 1.30 32 0.96 62 0.97 0.74*1.24 11 Journalists 4 0.46 [0.21] 0.00 2 0.48 32 2.11 38 1.35 0.95*1.85 12 Administrators 28 0.97 [0.69] 0.00 64 1.14 110 1.40 202 1.23 1.07*1.41 13 Clerical workers 488 0.93 29 1.42 787 1.14 1519 1.16 2 823 1.11 1.07*1.15 14 Sales agents 90 0.95 3 1.32 111 1.02 214 1.02 418 1.00 0.91*1.11 15 Shop workers 279 0.88 13 0.96 733 1.17 914 0.98 1 939 1.03 0.98*1.07 16 Farmers 269 0.96 11 1.06 383 0.80 69 0.85 732 0.86 0.80*0.92 17 Gardeners 799 1.14 [0.35] 0.00 229 0.80 256 1.06 1 284 1.04 0.99*1.10 18 Fishermen [1.46] 0.00 [0.33] 0.00 [3.12] 0.00 1 1.21 1 0.17 0.00*0.97 19 Forestry workers [2.81] 0.00 [0.05] 0.00 6 1.19 5 1.00 11 0.85 0.43*1.53 20 Miners and quarry workers 1 0.83 [0.02] 0.00 [0.19] 0.00 3 2.74 4 1.59 0.43*4.08 21 Seamen [0.19] 0.00 [0.00] 0.00 1 1.37 [0.10] 0.00 1 0.98 0.02*5.49 22 Transport workers 8 0.45 1 2.46 1 0.34 15 1.11 25 0.72 0.47*1.07 23 Drivers 9 1.36 [0.15] 0.00 11 0.93 33 1.14 53 1.11 0.83*1.45 24 Postal workers 108 1.08 5 1.07 125 0.91 268 1.09 506 1.04 0.95*1.13 25 Textile workers 239 1.00 7 0.78 209 0.87 567 0.98 1 022 0.96 0.90*1.02 26 Shoe and leather workers 29 1.02 1 2.09 15 0.88 38 0.88 83 0.93 0.74*1.15 27 Smelting workers 7 1.04 [0.02] 0.00 [1.55] 0.00 8 0.85 15 0.85 0.47*1.39 28 Mechanics 23 0.83 [0.08] 0.00 20 1.05 81 0.82 124 0.85 0.72*1.02 29 Plumbers [0.05] 0.00 [0.11] 0.00 [0.11] 0.00 [0.27] 0.00 0.00*13.64 30 Welders [1.83] 0.00 [0.01] 0.00 2 1.73 2 0.65 4 0.66 0.18*1.69 31 Electrical workers 15 1.04 [0.07] 0.00 11 0.55 55 1.00 81 0.90 0.72*1.12 32 Wood workers 81 1.34 [0.14] 0.00 5 0.74 14 0.88 100 1.20 0.99*1.47 33 Painters 8 1.23 [0.04] 0.00 3 1.92 3 0.66 14 1.11 0.61*1.86 34 ‘‘Other construction workers’’ 24 0.88 [0.02] 0.00 [0.66] 0.00 [0.49] 0.00 24 0.85 0.54*1.26 35 Bricklayers [0.93] 0.00 [0.03] 0.00 [0.01] 0.00 [0.97] 0.00 0.00*3.80 36 Printers 22 0.79 [0.70] 0.00 14 0.76 39 0.90 75 0.83 0.65*1.04 37 Chemical process workers 15 1.00 1 3.14 14 0.83 45 1.23 75 1.09 0.86*1.37 38 Food workers 84 1.02 9 0.52 91 0.78 103 0.89 287 0.86 0.77*0.97 39 Beverage workers 2 0.42 [0.04] 0.00 2 2.06 4 0.55 8 0.61 0.26*1.21 40 Tobacco workers 4 1.41 1 0.28 6 1.42 11 1.03 0.52*1.85 41 Glass makers etc 49 0.89 1 2.10 36 0.99 93 0.98 179 0.96 0.83*1.11 42 Packers 95 0.98 4 2.25 79 0.88 151 1.02 329 0.98 0.88*1.09 43 Engine operators 13 0.88 [0.03] 0.00 [1.02] 0.00 3 0.43 16 0.71 0.40*1.15 44 Public safety workers 3 0.81 [0.34] 0.00 11 0.85 11 1.17 25 0.95 0.61*1.40 45 Cooks and stewards 110 0.96 3 0.45 143 1.03 204 0.88 460 0.94 0.86*1.03 46 Domestic assistants 115 1.00 [1.98] 0.00 310 0.90 460 0.88 885 0.90 0.84*0.96 47 Waiters 65 0.76 [0.69] 0.00 113 0.82 223 0.94 401 0.87 0.79*0.96 48 Building caretakers 363 0.90 9 0.67 504 0.85 488 0.86 1 364 0.87 0.82*0.92 49 Chimney sweeps [0.14] 0.00 [0.10] 0.00 [0.01] 0.00 [0.25] 0.00 0.00*14.93 50 Hairdressers 28 0.85 [0.66] 0.00 45 1.32 95 1.06 168 1.07 0.92*1.24 51 Launderers 32 0.95 3 1.36 53 1.00 111 0.87 199 0.92 0.80*1.05 52 Military personnel [0.16] 0.00 [0.13] 0.00 [0.22] 0.00 [0.51] 0.00 0.00*7.25 53 ‘‘Other workers’’ 106 0.90 8 0.60 291 0.95 221 0.88 626 0.91 0.84*0.99 54 Economically inactive 3 216 1.04 54 1.17 4 076 1.02 12 269 0.99 19 615 1.00 0.99*1.02 1 54 All categories 7 359 1.00 189 1.00 9 266 1.00 20 515 1.00 37 329 1.00 Ref. Obs observed number of cases; SIR standardised incidence ratio; 95% CI 95% confidence interval. Occupation and cancer in Nordic countries 733
Acta Oncol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 212.35.100.66 on 04/06/11 For personal use only. 734 E. Pukkala et al. / 100 000 15 10 5 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Men 0 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 were significantly below 1.0 among female sales agents (0.69, 0.46 0.98) and among ‘‘other workers’’, i.e., economically active women not classified in any of the 52 specific occupational categories if the present study (0.60, 0.43 0.81). Comment. Non-melanoma skin cancer and skin melanoma (Tables 54, 55) have quite similar SIRs. Several chemical compounds have been identified as associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. These include arsenic and arsenic compounds, and components of oil, tar, and combustion products such as PAHs. Cumulative solar exposure is also considered a skin carcinogen, which in the context of outdoor occupations is related to work [130]. In our study, however, we did not identify patterns of SIRs that could be related to either occupational solar exposure or chemical exposures. The highest SIR was obsersved among physicians, identically in both genders, which might indicate that there is some / 100 000 15 10 5 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Women 0 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 Figure 39. Age standardised (World) incidence rates for non-melanoma skin cancer 1943 2005, by country and gender. Modified from NORDCAN [49]. / 100 000 2 1.5 1 .5 0 Men Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 / 100 000 diagnostic bias which overrules the possible weaker effects of occupational carcinogens. Skin cancer in the upper limbs was studied separately to reveal the possible effects of dermal exposure at work. One might speculate that the excess risk in health care personnel, seamen or military personnel might be related, e.g., to products they handle in their work, including disinfection liquids. Eye cancer The incidence of cancer of the eye has remained fairly stable around 1 per 100 000 in men, and a bit lower in women in all Nordic countries (Figure 40). Only a modest risk variation across occupational categories was found (Table 58). For men, the only significantly elevated SIR (1.35, 95% CI 1.09 1.66) was found for transport workers, and the only significantly low SIR (0.81, 0.70 0.95) was found for economically inactive men. No occupational 2 1.5 1 .5 0 Women Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 Figure 40. Age standardised (World) incidence rates for eye cancer 1943 2005, by country and gender. Modified from NORDCAN [49].
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