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Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales / Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar
ecological well-being, while the “bad” military expenditures contribute to the
opposite [see Dasgupta P. (1995), Griffin K. (1987), Griffin K. and Knight J.
(Eds.)(1990), O’Neill H. (1997), United Nations Development Programme
(1998a); United Nations Development Programme (1998b), United Nations
Development Programme (2004), United Nations Development Programme
(2005a), United Nations Development Programme (2005b), United Nations
Development Programme (current issues), United Nations Development
Programme, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (2002), and
Yunker J. A. (2000)]. In our macro-quantitative research design, we did not
include anymore the well-documented “butter versus guns” dimension [see also
Bullock B. and Firebaugh G. (1990), Chan St. and Mintz A. (1992), Deshingkar G.
(1989), Kentor J. D. and Woo J. (2000), Kick E. L. et al. (1990), Köhler G.
(1978a), Köhler G. (1980a), Köhler G. (1980b), Shin M and Ward M. D. (1999),
Tausch A. (1986), and Tausch A. (1989a)], because the availability of military
expenditure data would have limited our sample with countries with complete
data for the independent variables to less than 120 nations. However, the effects
of public education on development are not uniformly positive (Tausch, 2007).
Our theoretical survey should be concluded by two processes, being of great
importance especially to the European continent. One is the obvious argument
about the European Union as a determining factor of European development
patterns, for good or for bad. There are very diverse views nowadays on the
European Union. As a research paper, published in the journal “Parameters” of
the US Army, maintains (Wilkie, 2003):
“Still, there are those on both sides of the Atlantic who believe that the European
Union, as an old-fashioned socialist bureaucracy, is “fundamentally
unreformable” and also culturally hostile to the United States” (Wilkie, 2003:
46) 13
There is a wide range of literature now available that highlights also the negative
effects of European integration in a globalized world economy [for a survey of
the literature and politometric evidence, see Tausch and Herrmann, 2001,
furthermore Botsford D. (1997), Chiti V. (1998), Friedman M. (1997), Fuest C.
(1996), Giering C. (1998), Haller M. (Ed.)(2001), Haller M. and Richter R.
(Ed.)(1994), Haller M. and Schachner-Blazizek P. (Ed.)(1999), Haller M. and
Schachner-Blazizek P. (Eds.)(1994), Heidenreich M (1997), Heidenreich M
(1998a), Heidenreich M (1998b), Heidenreich M. (1999), Heidenreich M.
(2001a), Heidenreich M. (2001b), Heidenreich M. (2003a), Heidenreich M.
(2003b), Heidenreich M. (2004a), Heidenreich M. (2004b), Heidenreich M.
(2004c), Heidenreich M. and Töpsch K. (1998), Hilferding R. (1915), Holzmann
R. (Ed.)(1996), Malcolm N. (1995), Nollert M. (1996), Nollert M. and Fielder N.
(1997), Portillo M. (1999), Rothschild K. W. (1997), Seers D. (Ed.)(1978),
Tausch A. (2004a), Van Apeldoom B. (2002), Woods A. (2000), Woodward A.
and Kohli M. (2001)]. The voice of “euro-optimists” is small, but influential,
including later works by Volker Bornschier, and the writings by economics Nobel
laureate Robert Mundell and Stanford Professor emeritus Pan Yotopoulos.
[Bornschier V. (1992), Bornschier V. (1999), Mundell R. A. and Clesse A.
(Eds.)(2000), Mundell R. A. et. al. (Eds.)(2005), and Yotopoulos P. A. (2004)].
13 http://carlisle-www. army. mil/usawc/Parameters/02winter/wilkie. htm
Arno Tausch, Christian Bischof, Tomz Kastrun, Karl Mueller 126