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Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales / Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar
Graph 3c: Overall societal discrimination and the discrimination of
Muslims: the interrelationship between the gender empowerment index
and the Muslim empowerment index
Muslim empowerment index
0,95
0,9
0,85
0,8
0,75
0,7
0,65
0,6
0,55
UNDP Gender Empowerment Index and Muslim empowerment index
Europe
0,5
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
UNDP GEM
UNDP GEM
Potenziell (UNDP GEM)
y = 0,8262x 0,1078
R 2 = 0,2823
Source: estimated by the author, based on the data calculations provided by Christian
Bischof, Tomaz Kastrun, Karl Mueller and the author from the data of the ESS, available
at http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/
Dynamic aspects in the Muslim integration/discrimination process should not be
overlooked. While Spain and Luxembourg at least tried to improve their
performance over time, again Austria’s performance in the changes of the Muslim
development index from 2002 to 2004 was very modest, compared to the
already leading position that Belgium and Switzerland had in 2002. Only the
Netherlands had a worse performance, then, as Austria, on this indicator; while
in Table 6b Austria and the Netherlands also emerge as the relative laggards in
implementing Muslim empowerment.
Again, a rather interesting relationship emerges between these newly derived
indicators of Muslim performance and the overall political economic processes
going on in Europe. Since solid dynamic indicators of the Lisbon process would
be very hard to construct in countries outside the EU-25, it might suffice here
that we mention the close relationship between the rate of economic growth
1990 – 2003 and the dynamic changes in the Muslim development index from
2002 to 2004. I.e. long-run economic dynamics indeed could change the lot of
the Muslim communities of Europe, while Muslims were hardest hit by stagnation
and the concomitant unemployment.
Arno Tausch, Christian Bischof, Tomz Kastrun, Karl Mueller 68