Combined Actions and Interactions of Chemicals in Mixtures

8 Books, articles and reports
Several reference books, review articles and reports have been published on the
issue of toxicological effects from combined exposure to chemicals. The more
important are:
8.1 Books
Multiple Chemical Interactions (Calabrese 1991) by Edward J Calabrese is an
exhaustive textbook. It consists of six parts:
• General principles, which contain chapters on terminology, analysis of
combined effects, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic foundations of
interactions.
• Carcinogenesis and teratogenesis.
• Interactions by chemical class.
• Interactions between medical drugs.
• The drug-pollutant interface.
• Regulatory perspectives.
The main emphasis is related to drug therapy and drug-pollutant interactions.
However, other authors often make references to the first chapters of the book.
Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures – Case studies, Mechanisms, and Novel
Approaches (Yang 1994) edited by Raymond SH Yang is an important work in the
field of combination toxicology. The book includes basic concepts and
mechanisms of interactions in target organ toxicities and it contains a number of
informative case studies on different types of industrial and environmental
chemicals, such as pesticides and hazardous waste. In addition, it offers novel
approaches in the risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Special attention is paied
to low-level, long-term exposures.
8.2 Review articles
Recent review articles have been published by Dutch researchers from the TNO
Nutrition and Research Institute and The National Institute for Public Health and
the Environment, Holland. Toxicological Evaluation and Risk Assessment of
Chemical Mixtures was published in Critical Review of Toxicology by Cassee et
al. (1998). Toxicology of simple and complex mixtures was published in Trends in
Pharmacological Sciences by Groten et al. (2001) and Toxicological evaluation of
chemical mixtures was published by Feron and Groten (2002) in Food and
Chemical Toxicology. Concepts and perspectives in the area are comprehensively
described and illustrated by results of toxicological studies on well-defined
chemical mixtures performed by the same research group. A pragmatic approach
for the study, hazard identification, and risk assessment of chemical mixtures is
offered based on the hypothesis of this group of researchers (around Victor Feron)
that exposure to mixtures of chemicals at non-toxic doses of the individual
constituents is of no health concern.
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