Combined Actions and Interactions of Chemicals in Mixtures

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Page 1 and 2:
Combined Actions and Interactions o
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Contents CONTENTS 3 PREFACE 6 SAMME
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7.2.4 Test systems 85 7.2.5 In vitr
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Sammenfatning og konklusioner Indle
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er ingen viden om, hvorledes den ko
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estemt biologisk respons (ED10, ED2
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vivo. The COMET-assay in vivo and g
Page 15 and 16:
and antagonistic effects may be see
Page 17 and 18:
1 Introduction Prepared by John Chr
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Table 1.3.1: Classification of comb
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Physicochemical interactions will t
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US EPA (1986) applied the concept o
Page 25 and 26:
2.4 Test strategies to assess combi
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Figure 2.4.3.1. Isobologram of two
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CI = d1 /D1 = 1 In this case the is
Page 31 and 32:
2.5 Toxicological test methods When
Page 33 and 34:
3 General concepts in the risk asse
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NOAEL, this indicates that the subs
Page 37 and 38:
of uncertainty i.e. differences in
Page 39 and 40:
describe toxicities that appears to
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should be estimated for all endpoin
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1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 1,2,3,7,8,9-H
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shows the pronounced influence of t
Page 47 and 48:
Table 4.3.1 Estimates of carcinogen
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Figure 4.4.1.1. Scheme for safety e
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obvious ranking of individual const
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4.5 Approach for assessment of join
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4.6 Approaches currently used by re
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no internationally accepted procedu
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Figure 4.6.3.1 Flow chart of the ri
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octyltin dichloride). A number of a
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stannous chloride and cadmium chlor
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seen in the animals from the 1000x
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c TCTFP = 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-tri
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6 Interactions in toxicokinetics Pr
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once more exposed and the kinetics
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Dermis The dermis consists of a sup
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7.1.3 Ocular irritancy 7.1.3.1 Comp
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Another in vitro test for ocular ir
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lipid peroxidation was observed, wh
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mixture. These interactions may dev
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0.6% of live births in humans. In s
Page 86 and 87:
DNA, and that the cell was capable
Page 88 and 89:
(Sorsa et al. 1994, Myslak & Kosmid
Page 90 and 91:
Four inhibitors of DNA topoisomeras
Page 92 and 93:
cyclophosphamide-metabolising enzym
Page 94 and 95: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic t
Page 96 and 97: 7.2.8 Conclusion As shown in this r
Page 98 and 99: Since no compounds are known to cau
Page 100 and 101: In a more mechanistic sense, promot
Page 102 and 103: Several inhibitors of tumour promot
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4.1.1 Overview of in vivo t
Page 106 and 107: analysis was used to predict the hi
Page 108 and 109: interaction of TCDD and retinoic ac
Page 110 and 111: and now includes compounds as diver
Page 112 and 113: Furthermore, the estrogenic effects
Page 114 and 115: Dose of A (arbitrary units) 10 8 6
Page 116 and 117: chance or experimental error. One w
Page 118 and 119: 7.6.2.3 Receptors A receptor is a b
Page 120 and 121: 7.6.5.2 Kindling Kindling is the ph
Page 122 and 123: Science Institute (RSI) have conven
Page 124 and 125: eaction with sulfhydryl groups). Th
Page 126 and 127: 7.7.1.3 Mechanisms of immunotoxicit
Page 128 and 129: tested separately. This is a phenom
Page 130 and 131: In practical life an allergen may b
Page 132 and 133: 8.3 Conference proceedings Proceedi
Page 134 and 135: with combinations of environmental
Page 136 and 137: Boyd MR, Statham CM and Longo NS (1
Page 138 and 139: De Wall EJ, Schuurman HJ and Van Lo
Page 140 and 141: theoretical considerations and a su
Page 142 and 143: Groten JP, Sinkeldam EJ, Muys T, Lu
Page 146 and 147: cytochrome P450 1A2 expressed in Am
Page 148 and 149: Lison D, Carbonnelle P, Mollo L, La
Page 150 and 151: Narotsky MG, Weller EA, Chinchilli
Page 152 and 153: Ramsey JC and Andersen ME (1984). A
Page 154 and 155: Silva E, Rajapakse N and Kortenkamp
Page 156 and 157: Leeuwen FXR, Liem AKD, Nolt C, Pete
Page 158: Wlodarczyk B, Biernacki B, Minta M,
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