Etude de la combustion de gaz de synthèse issus d'un processus de ...

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Nomenclature IVC Intake valve closing time IVO Intake valve opening time LFL Lower flammability limit LHV Lower heating value RCM Rapid compression machine SI Spark ignition TDC Top dead center UFL Upper flammability limit tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011 8
Contents tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 2 RESUME ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 RESUMO .................................................................................................................................................... 4 NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................................... 5 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 12 1.1 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................... 14 1.2 THESIS LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVISION ....................................................................................... 18 2.1 BIOMASS GASIFICATION .................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Historical development ............................................................................................................ 18 2.1.2 Gasification process ................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.3 Gasification plant ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.3.1 Gasifier types .................................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.3.2 Fixed bed gasifiers............................................................................................................................ 24 2.1.3.3 Fluidized bed gasifiers ...................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.3.4 Syngas conditioning ......................................................................................................................... 29 2.2. SYNGAS APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Power production ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Fuels ........................................................................................................................................ 33 2.3. SYNGAS CHARACTERIZATION .......................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Influence of biomass type ......................................................................................................... 35 2.3.2. Influence of reactor type ......................................................................................................... 36 2.3.3 Influence of operational conditions ......................................................................................... 36 2.3.3.1 Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.3.2. Pressure ........................................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.4 Influence of the oxidizer ........................................................................................................... 38 2.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT BIOMASS GASIFICATION ................................................................. 39 2.5. LAMINAR PREMIXED FLAMES ........................................................................................................... 40 2.5.1 Flame stretch ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.5.1.1 Karlovitz number .............................................................................................................................. 46 2.5.1.2 Markstein number............................................................................................................................. 46 2.5.2 Burning velocity measurement methods ................................................................................... 49 2.5.2.1 Tube method ..................................................................................................................................... 50 2.5.2.2 Soap bubble method ......................................................................................................................... 51 2.5.2.3 Constant volume method .................................................................................................................. 52 2.5.2.4 Constant pressure method ................................................................................................................. 57 2.5.3 Burning velocity empirical correlations .................................................................................. 59 2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT LAMINAR PREMIXED FLAMES .......................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS AND DIAGNOSTICS ..................................................... 62 3.1. EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS .................................................................................................................. 62 3.1.1. Syngas mixtures ...................................................................................................................... 62 3.1.2 Rectangular chamber ............................................................................................................... 63 3.1.3 Spherical chamber ................................................................................................................... 64 3.1.4 Rapid compression machine .................................................................................................... 65 3.2. COMBUSTION DIAGNOSTICS ............................................................................................................. 67 3.2.1 Flammability limits .................................................................................................................. 68 3.2.3 Pressure measurement on static chambers .............................................................................. 71 3.2.4 Pressure measurement on RCM ............................................................................................... 73 3.2.5 Aerodynamics inside a RCM .................................................................................................... 77 3.2.5.1 Velocity fluctuations ..................................................................................................................... 78 3.2.5.2 Analysis of the flow at the chamber core .................................................................................. 81 3.2.6 Schlieren photography ............................................................................................................. 82 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL LAMINAR SYNGAS COMBUSTION ...... 85 9
Page 1 and 2: THÈSE Pour l’obtention du Grade
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
Page 5 and 6: Résumé __________________________
Page 7 and 8: Nomenclature Nomenclature Roman tel
Page 9: Nomenclature Subscripts tel-0062309
Page 13 and 14: Contents 6.4. SYNGAS FUELLED-ENGINE
Page 15 and 16: Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Page 17 and 18: Introduction proves to have higher
Page 19 and 20: Introduction Chapter 3 - Experiment
Page 21 and 22: Bibliographic revision CHAPTER 2 BI
Page 23 and 24: Bibliographic revision point today
Page 25 and 26: Bibliographic revision - Boudouard
Page 27 and 28: Bibliographic revision Table 2.1 -
Page 29 and 30: Bibliographic revision Biomass Dryi
Page 31 and 32: Bibliographic revision Circulating
Page 33 and 34: Bibliographic revision or eliminate
Page 35 and 36: Bibliographic revision established
Page 37 and 38: Bibliographic revision Hydrogen Hyd
Page 39 and 40: Bibliographic revision of low moist
Page 41 and 42: Bibliographic revision scrubbing an
Page 43 and 44: Bibliographic revision suggests tha
Page 45 and 46: Bibliographic revision 1 d( δ A) 1
Page 47 and 48: Bibliographic revision Since n is
Page 49 and 50: Bibliographic revision 2 ( rsr ) 2
Page 51 and 52: Bibliographic revision This evoluti
Page 53 and 54: Bibliographic revision The burning
Page 55 and 56: Bibliographic revision δVG = − a
Page 57 and 58: Bibliographic revision 2 1 − −
Page 59 and 60: Bibliographic revision where the su
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Bibliographic revision the stretche
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Bibliographic revision burning velo
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Experimental set ups and diagnostic
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL AN
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Chapter 4 4.1 Laminar burning veloc
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Chapter 4 4.1.1.1 Flame morphology
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Chapter 4 P i = 1.0 bar, Ti = 293 K
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.5 shows schliere
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Chapter 4 P i = 2.0 bar, T i = 293
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Chapter 4 Sn (m/s) 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
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Chapter 4 5 ms 10 ms 15 ms 20 ms 25
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Chapter 4 behaviour of the curves r
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Chapter 4 1.50 Sn (m/s) 1.25 1.00 0
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Chapter 4 0.5 0.4 φ =1.0 Su (m/s)
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Chapter 4 variation of the normaliz
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Chapter 4 4.1.1.6 Comparison with o
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Chapter 4 The values of laminar bur
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Chapter 4 Pressure (bar) 7 6 5 4 3
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Chapter 4 0.5 0.4 φ=1.2 Su (m/s) 0
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Chapter 4 0.3 φ=0.8 Su (m/s) 0.2 0
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Chapter 4 a minimum pressure to exp
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Chapter 4 Notice the similar behavi
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Chapter 4 A very good agreement bet
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Chapter 4 ( ) Q = h T − T (4.21)
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Chapter 4 tel-00623090, version 1 -
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Chapter 4 are tested and discussed.
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Chapter 4 7 500 Pressure (bar) 6 5
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Chapter 4 Pressure (bar) 7 6 5 4 3
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Chapter 4 4.2.3.4 Quenching distanc
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Chapter 4 10000 Quenching distance
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTAL ST
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Chapter 5 30 10 25 8 Pressure (bar)
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Chapter 5 30 Piston position (mm) 2
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Chapter 5 5.1.1.4 In-cylinder press
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Chapter 5 estimation of various par
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Chapter 5 TDC 1.25 ms 2.5 ms 3.75 m
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Chapter 5 Piston position (mm) 500
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Chapter 5 From figure 5.15 is possi
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Chapter 5 From figure 5.16 is obser
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Chapter 5 80 Pressure (bar) 70 60 5
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Chapter 5 80 10 Pmax (bar) 70 60 50
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Chapter 5 -5.0 ms -3.75 ms -2.5 ms
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Chapter 5 observation emphasis the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NUMERICAL SIMUL
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Chapter 6 centered at the spark plu
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Chapter 6 H 2 O, (3) N 2 , (4) O 2
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Chapter 6 For all the above express
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Chapter 6 motions within the cylind
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Chapter 6 Heat transfer Wei et al.,
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Chapter 6 The calibration coefficie
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Chapter 6 6.3.2.2 In-cylinder volum
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Chapter 6 40 Experimental 30 Numeri
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Chapter 6 80 70 60 Numerical Experi
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Chapter 6 downdraft syngas than for
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Chapter 6 80 23º BTDC 60 29.5º BT
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Chapter 6 with experimental results
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Conclusions CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS 7
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Conclusions radius and time for syn
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Conclusions conditions, therefore s
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Conclusions tel-00623090, version 1
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References References tel-00623090,
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References tel-00623090, version 1
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Appendix A - Overdetermined linear
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Appendix A - Overdetermined linear
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Appendix B- Syngas-air mixtures pro
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Appendix C -Rivère model Heat flux
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Appendix C -Rivère model The work
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tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 20
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