Etude de la combustion de gaz de synthèse issus d'un processus de ...

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References tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011 186. Wang D. Czernik S., Montane D., Mann M., Chornet E. Biomass to hydrogen via fast pyrolysis and catalytic steam reforming of the pyrolysis oil or its fractions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36, 1507-1518 (1997). 187. Warnatz J., Peters N. Stretch effects in plane premixed hydrogen-air-flames. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics 95, 61-74 (1984). 188. Wei S. W., kim Y.Y., kim H.J., Lee J.T. A study on transient heat transfer coefficient of in-cylinder gas in the hydrogen fuelled engine. 6th Korea-Kapan Joint Symposium on Hydrogen Energy, 2001. 189. Westbrook C.K., Adamczyk A.A., Lavoie G.A. A numerical study of laminar flame wall quenching. Combustion and Flame 40, 81-89 (1981). 190. Williams F.A. Combustion Theory, 2 nd ed., Adison Wesley. 1985. 191. Woschni G. A universal applicable equation for the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient in the internal combustion engine. SAE Technical Paper 670931, (1967). 192. Zeleknik F.J. Combustion modeling in internal combustion engines. Combustion Sci Technol 12, 159–164 (1976). 193. Zimont V.L. Gas premixed combustion at high turbulence. Turbulent flame closure combustion model. Experimental Thermal Fluid Science 21, 179-186 (2000). 214
Appendix A – Overdetermined linear equations systems Appendix A - OVERDETERMINED LINEAR EQUATIONS SYSTEMS The system of linear algebraic equations of the form: AX = b , (A-1) m× n Where A ∈IR , X ∈IR n , and b∈ IR n is said to be an overdetermined system if m>n i.e., there are more equations than unknowns. tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011 This type of systems appears as a consequence of experimental errors; in order to obtain a more accurate result one requires more measurements than the strictly necessary ones. For example, curve fitting which is the process of constructing a curve that has the best fit to a series of data points. Given m data points (x i , y j ) for i = 1,…m, we want to adjust these points to a curve of the form: n = 0 0 + 1 1 + + n n =∑ j j j = 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Px ( ) au x au x au x au x (A-2) Where u j (j=0,…,n) are linearly independent given functions and a j (j=0,…,n) parameters to be determine. The linear systems (A-1) only as a solution when b belongs to the column space of A. However, it is also possible to determine X such that it minimizes some vector norm of the residual r = b−AX (A-3) i.e., determine X such that the residual vector r is as small as possible. Due to the differentiability of the Euclidean norm, allowing determining the minimum by the usual process is in general the used norm to minimize the residual. This is called least squares method. The goal of the least squares method is to determine the vector X which minimizes the sum of the squared residuals, i.e., 215
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THÈSE Pour l’obtention du Grade
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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Résumé __________________________
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Nomenclature Nomenclature Roman tel
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Nomenclature Subscripts tel-0062309
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Contents tel-00623090, version 1 -
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Contents 6.4. SYNGAS FUELLED-ENGINE
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Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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Introduction proves to have higher
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Introduction Chapter 3 - Experiment
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Bibliographic revision CHAPTER 2 BI
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Bibliographic revision point today
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Bibliographic revision - Boudouard
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Bibliographic revision Table 2.1 -
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Bibliographic revision Biomass Dryi
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Bibliographic revision Circulating
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Bibliographic revision or eliminate
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Bibliographic revision established
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Bibliographic revision Hydrogen Hyd
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Bibliographic revision of low moist
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Bibliographic revision scrubbing an
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Bibliographic revision suggests tha
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Bibliographic revision 1 d( δ A) 1
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Bibliographic revision Since n is
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Bibliographic revision 2 ( rsr ) 2
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Bibliographic revision This evoluti
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Bibliographic revision The burning
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Bibliographic revision δVG = − a
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Bibliographic revision 2 1 − −
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Bibliographic revision where the su
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Bibliographic revision the stretche
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Bibliographic revision burning velo
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Experimental set ups and diagnostic
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL AN
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Chapter 4 4.1 Laminar burning veloc
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Chapter 4 4.1.1.1 Flame morphology
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Chapter 4 P i = 1.0 bar, Ti = 293 K
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.5 shows schliere
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Chapter 4 P i = 2.0 bar, T i = 293
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Chapter 4 Sn (m/s) 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
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Chapter 4 5 ms 10 ms 15 ms 20 ms 25
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Chapter 4 behaviour of the curves r
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Chapter 4 1.50 Sn (m/s) 1.25 1.00 0
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Chapter 4 0.5 0.4 φ =1.0 Su (m/s)
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Chapter 4 variation of the normaliz
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Chapter 4 4.1.1.6 Comparison with o
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Chapter 4 The values of laminar bur
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Chapter 4 Pressure (bar) 7 6 5 4 3
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Chapter 4 0.5 0.4 φ=1.2 Su (m/s) 0
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Chapter 4 0.3 φ=0.8 Su (m/s) 0.2 0
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Chapter 4 a minimum pressure to exp
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Chapter 4 Notice the similar behavi
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Chapter 4 A very good agreement bet
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Chapter 4 ( ) Q = h T − T (4.21)
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Chapter 4 tel-00623090, version 1 -
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Chapter 4 are tested and discussed.
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Chapter 4 7 500 Pressure (bar) 6 5
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Chapter 4 Pressure (bar) 7 6 5 4 3
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Chapter 4 4.2.3.4 Quenching distanc
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Chapter 4 10000 Quenching distance
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Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTAL ST
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Chapter 5 30 10 25 8 Pressure (bar)
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Chapter 5 30 Piston position (mm) 2
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Chapter 5 5.1.1.4 In-cylinder press
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Chapter 5 estimation of various par
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Chapter 5 TDC 1.25 ms 2.5 ms 3.75 m
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Chapter 5 Piston position (mm) 500
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Chapter 5 tel-00623090, version 1 -
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Chapter 5 From figure 5.15 is possi
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Chapter 5 From figure 5.16 is obser
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Chapter 5 80 Pressure (bar) 70 60 5
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Chapter 5 80 10 Pmax (bar) 70 60 50
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Chapter 5 -5.0 ms -3.75 ms -2.5 ms
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Page 171 and 172: Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NUMERICAL SIMUL
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 6 centered at the spark plu
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 6 H 2 O, (3) N 2 , (4) O 2
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 6 For all the above express
Page 179 and 180: Chapter 6 motions within the cylind
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Page 183 and 184: Chapter 6 Heat transfer Wei et al.,
Page 185 and 186: Chapter 6 The calibration coefficie
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 6 6.3.2.2 In-cylinder volum
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 40 Experimental 30 Numeri
Page 191 and 192: Chapter 6 80 70 60 Numerical Experi
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 6 downdraft syngas than for
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 6 80 23º BTDC 60 29.5º BT
Page 197 and 198: Chapter 6 with experimental results
Page 199 and 200: Conclusions CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS 7
Page 201 and 202: Conclusions radius and time for syn
Page 203 and 204: Conclusions conditions, therefore s
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Page 207 and 208: References References tel-00623090,
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Page 223 and 224: Appendix A - Overdetermined linear
Page 225 and 226: Appendix B- Syngas-air mixtures pro
Page 227 and 228: Appendix C -Rivère model Heat flux
Page 229 and 230: Appendix C -Rivère model The work
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