Etude de la combustion de gaz de synthèse issus d'un processus de ...

Contents
tel-00623090, version 1 - 13 Sep 2011
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 2
RESUME ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
RESUMO .................................................................................................................................................... 4
NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................................... 5
CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 12
1.1 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................... 14
1.2 THESIS LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVISION ....................................................................................... 18
2.1 BIOMASS GASIFICATION .................................................................................................................... 18
2.1.1 Historical development ............................................................................................................ 18
2.1.2 Gasification process ................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.3 Gasification plant ..................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.3.1 Gasifier types .................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.3.2 Fixed bed gasifiers............................................................................................................................ 24
2.1.3.3 Fluidized bed gasifiers ...................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3.4 Syngas conditioning ......................................................................................................................... 29
2.2. SYNGAS APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.1 Power production ..................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.2 Fuels ........................................................................................................................................ 33
2.3. SYNGAS CHARACTERIZATION .......................................................................................................... 34
2.3.1 Influence of biomass type ......................................................................................................... 35
2.3.2. Influence of reactor type ......................................................................................................... 36
2.3.3 Influence of operational conditions ......................................................................................... 36
2.3.3.1 Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 36
2.3.3.2. Pressure ........................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3.4 Influence of the oxidizer ........................................................................................................... 38
2.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT BIOMASS GASIFICATION ................................................................. 39
2.5. LAMINAR PREMIXED FLAMES ........................................................................................................... 40
2.5.1 Flame stretch ........................................................................................................................... 41
2.5.1.1 Karlovitz number .............................................................................................................................. 46
2.5.1.2 Markstein number............................................................................................................................. 46
2.5.2 Burning velocity measurement methods ................................................................................... 49
2.5.2.1 Tube method ..................................................................................................................................... 50
2.5.2.2 Soap bubble method ......................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.2.3 Constant volume method .................................................................................................................. 52
2.5.2.4 Constant pressure method ................................................................................................................. 57
2.5.3 Burning velocity empirical correlations .................................................................................. 59
2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT LAMINAR PREMIXED FLAMES .......................................................... 61
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS AND DIAGNOSTICS ..................................................... 62
3.1. EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS .................................................................................................................. 62
3.1.1. Syngas mixtures ...................................................................................................................... 62
3.1.2 Rectangular chamber ............................................................................................................... 63
3.1.3 Spherical chamber ................................................................................................................... 64
3.1.4 Rapid compression machine .................................................................................................... 65
3.2. COMBUSTION DIAGNOSTICS ............................................................................................................. 67
3.2.1 Flammability limits .................................................................................................................. 68
3.2.3 Pressure measurement on static chambers .............................................................................. 71
3.2.4 Pressure measurement on RCM ............................................................................................... 73
3.2.5 Aerodynamics inside a RCM .................................................................................................... 77
3.2.5.1 Velocity fluctuations ..................................................................................................................... 78
3.2.5.2 Analysis of the flow at the chamber core .................................................................................. 81
3.2.6 Schlieren photography ............................................................................................................. 82
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL LAMINAR SYNGAS COMBUSTION ...... 85
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