Muslims in Europe: - International Institute - University of Michigan

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In Belgium, which has inherited a Napoleonic legal system, there is a formal legal link between the State and church, or rather 'churches'. The Government accords "recognized" status to Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, Anglicanism, Islam, and Orthodox Christianity. These religions receive subsidies from government revenues. The Government also supports the freedom to participate in laic organizations. These secular humanist groups serve as a seventh recognized "religion" and their organizing body, the Central Council of Non-Religious Philosophical Communities of Belgium, receives funds and benefits similar to those of the six other recognized religions. By law each recognized religion has the right to provide teachers at government expense for religious instruction in schools. The Government also pays the salaries, retirement, and lodging costs of ministers and subsidizes the construction and renovation of church buildings for recognized religions. The ecclesiastical administrations of recognized religions have legal rights and obligations, and the municipality in which they are located must pay any debts that they incur. Some subsidies are the responsibility of the federal government while the regional and municipal governments pay others. According to an independent academic review, government at all levels spent $523 million (23 billion Belgian francs) on subsidies for recognized religions in 2000 (3.5 percent of this funds went to Muslims). During 2001, the Muslim Executive Council applied for the first time for subsidies. In 2002 the government recognized 75 mosques and started to pay salaries to imams assigned to these mosques (Religious Freedom Report 2002). Legislation One of the most important recent pieces of legislation which may influence the situation of Muslims in Belgium concerns anti-discrimination. In December 2002 the country voted a new anti-discrimination law banning discrimination on all grounds specified in art. 13 of the EU treaty, in accordance with the framework directive. The scope of the Belgian anti -discrimination law is wider than scope of the framework directive as the Belgian law covers not only employer/employee relations, but also bans discrimination in the general provision of goods and services, in relations between government and civilians and in "any other public activity". [1] Belgium is not immune to Hijabophobia. In recent years and especially after the September 11th terrorist attacks, there were several cases reported of women and girls wearing traditional dress or headscarves being publicly insulted. In January 2001, the Court of Cassation, the nation's highest court, ruled that municipal authorities could not deny an identification card to a woman wearing a headscarf. (Religious Freedom Report 2002) In response to a number of highly publicized mass suicides and murders in France, Switzerland, and Canada by members of the Solar Temple cult (including some Belgian citizens who were leaders and members) the Parliament in 1996 established a special Commission to examine the potential dangers that sects may represent to society, especially children, and to recommend policies to deal with those dangers. In 1998 Parliament adopted recommendations from a 1997 commission's report on government policy toward sects, particularly sects deemed "harmful" under the law. (Religious Freedom Report 2002) In 2000 a new nationality law came into force which further liberalizes the right to Belgium citizenship. Under this law all those born in Belgium, those with at least one Belgian parent, or those residing in the country for at least seven years, may become citizens simply by registering in their commune. Those who had lived in the country for over three years, must fulfill language and cultural requirements to qualify for citizenship. The country has undertaken various steps in order to integrate its foreign population. For instance, in January 2000, Belgium began its second regularization campaign [2] . It last until the end of 2002 and as a result of it about 60,000 undocumented migrants applied for legal status. In November 2003 the senate home affairs committee adopted the legislative proposal that non-EU nationals who had lived in Belgium for at least five years should be able to vote in local council elections, though without the right to be an elected representative themselves. [3] 151
Major Muslim Organizations In the country where Islam has been a legally recognized faith since 1974 there was until recently no representative organization. Muslim organization in the country for a long time could not assemble themselves and agree upon a representative structure. Besides, the states strict criteria as it did not want any 'fundamentalists' on such assembly made the situation even more complicated. EMB — l'Executif des Musulmans de Belgique (Muslim Executive Council) Established in May 1999 the organization is responsible for administrative managing of the Muslim worship in Belgium. It plays the role of a mediator between the state and Muslim communities. Its responsibilities range from providing religious educations at schools and educational training for imams to appointment of Muslims chaplaincies in hospitals and prisons. The EMB is made up of 17 members, 7 of whom are Moroccans, 4 are Turks, 3 converts and 3 of other nationalities. The EMB has been receiving state subsidies since 2001. In 2002 the State supported the organization with 420 000 Euros, while the Catholic Church was given 350 million Euros. ICCB — Islamic Cultural Centre of Belgium Until the establishment of the EMB it has been de facto representative of Muslims in Belgium. Its board of trustees is chaired by the ambassador of Saudi Arabia. The land for the Centre was handed over to King Faisal in 67 as a gift in exchange for donations he has made. The center was build with the financial support of the Muslim World League. AEL — Arab European League The organization which aims among others at defending the civic rights of Arabs in Europe has attracted a following of thousands of jobless, frustrated young immigrants who feel shut out by mainstream European society since its inception 2 years ago. Its leader, Abou Jahjah often portrayed by the media as Belgium Malcolm X is a charismatic debater with MA in international politics and fluency in 4 languages. The organization together with the leftist party set up a party 'Resist' and run in the last elections in 2003. Taking into account the media popularity of its leader its elections achievements were relatively poor. However, Abou Jahjah has already announced the creation of a new political party, Muslim Democratic Party with which he expects to achieve better results in the next year's national elections and in the local elections in 2006.The AEL now has growing branches in France and the Netherlands. 152
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Muslims in Europe A curriculum reso
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Table of contents Muslims in Europe
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Muslims in Europe: The Ottoman Heri
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closely integrated into the Ottoman
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Reviewing the basics of Islam At th
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Using “The Ottoman Heritage” as
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Timelime of Islam (Long Timeline) T
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800s Written collections of Hadith
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1366 Capital of Ottoman Empire move
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1918 Fall of Ottoman Empire. League
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Population figures as of 2003 http:
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Ottoman Fashion I. Arrange a slide
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Traditional Uniforms Source: McLean
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Suleiman the Great increased this b
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Ottoman Demographics In the modern
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Map 4 Map 5 32
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Using the completed data charts dis
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The Turks and History Use the follo
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“An Eyewitness Account” Adapted
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understanding that only through dev
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cases it only increased the chasm b
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10. Size of Group: According to Joh
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eligious group in Iran, Lebanon, an
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IV. Women in Islam One of the most
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ehalf of European Jews that they we
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of interest to Americans who seek t
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Pipes, Daniel. 1983. In the Path of
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34 - Esposito, John L. 1999. The Ox
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Procedures/Activities: 1. Introduct
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Name ______________________________
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Post-WWII European Economy Economic
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The specter of inflation and curren
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Post-WWII European Economy Rebuildi
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Teacher Materials A. Stimuli to Rec
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c. The majority of migrants from ou
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Ask them if we as a country struggl
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with the class. Make a list on the
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6. During the class discussion/shar
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NAME RISE OF ISLAM DATE Read all di
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NAME DATE NAPOLEONIC EUROPE 1812 Re
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NAME EUROPE 1914 DATE Read all dire
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Page 103 and 104: NAME DATE EUROPE AFTER THE FIRST WO
Page 105 and 106: NAME DATE EUROPE 1939 Read all dire
Page 107 and 108: NAME DATE MODERN EUROPE Read all di
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Page 113 and 114: Evolving Religious & Cultural Ident
Page 115 and 116: European Union Countries with The L
Page 117 and 118: MUSLIM WORLD MAPS 116
Page 119 and 120: Modern Muslims In Europe 1945 - Pre
Page 121 and 122: Isolated Disadvantaged Segregated P
Page 123 and 124: Why Are Europeans Worried? Cont…
Page 125 and 126: Your Assignment 1) Read the Christi
Page 127 and 128: Center for Middle Eastern Studies a
Page 129 and 130: epeatedly in public appearances, se
Page 131 and 132: (EUMC), Europe's ethnic minorities
Page 133 and 134: Male Hijab The Kufi Why Do Some Lad
Page 135 and 136: Types of Hijab • The al-amira is
Page 137 and 138: Does this picture surprise you? Why
Page 139 and 140: There has been lots of controversy
Page 141 and 142: French headscarf ban opens rifts By
Page 143 and 144: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3
Page 145 and 146: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3
Page 147 and 148: ut I think it is those women who ar
Page 149 and 150: Austria Demographics There are appr
Page 151: Belgium The emergence of the Muslim
Page 155 and 156: framework, Applicants for a certifi
Page 157 and 158: schools, inter alia. The so-called
Page 159 and 160: In addition there are numerous loca
Page 161 and 162: and called it a “timid, narrow-mi
Page 163 and 164: The largest Muslim organisation is
Page 165 and 166: to have separate education for memb
Page 167 and 168: Schools In Cordoba, the Ibn Rushd I
Page 169 and 170: An influx of economic refugees Clos
Page 171 and 172: channel. They have been sentenced f
Page 173 and 174: Islamisk Samling (PIS, Political Is
Page 175 and 176: Statistics also show that the Musli
Page 177 and 178: The foundation of the Geneva Mosque
Page 179 and 180: Media’s Reviews and publications
Page 181 and 182: United Kingdom Number of Muslims an
Page 183 and 184: English is the main medium of instr
Page 185 and 186: Barriers to a Multicultural Europe
Page 187 and 188: Unemployment Muslim Unemployment Ty
Page 189: The Mosque of Rome 188
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