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Figure 3-7 (a) Binary approximation to kinoform (b) 4 level approximation.
37 four level approximation. As the number of quantized steps, N, increases, the lens more closely approximates the continuous kinoform phase profile and the diffraction efficiency of the element will approach 100%. As will be discussed in more detail later, a multilevel diffractive lens is fabricated using a set of binary masks. Each mask produces two phase levels. Thus, M masks are needed to produce 2 M = N phase levels. A two step (N=2) binary lens therefore only requires a single mask, a four level element (N=4) requires two masks and similarly for N=M. The transition points for the boundaries of each zone in a multilevel element are calculated by examining the phase function given by Equation 3.4. For the case of the binary lens already discussed, the zone boundaries were determined by setting Equation 3.4 equal to multiples of n to satisfy the zone theory of Fresnel. It can be seen from Figure 3.7 that the size of these zone boundaries decreases as the number of levels increases. With each successive mask, the zone widths decrease by a factor of two, and two more phase levels are added. Since every mask produces 2 phase levels, the boundary of each zone occurs when the phase function in Equation 3.4 equals 7c/M. Equivalently this may be expressed as 3.8 Solving Equation 3.8 for r m and m as before gives the boundary for each zone and the maximum number of zones created by M masks,
Page 1: INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
Page 5 and 6: DIFFRACTIVE MICROLENSES FOR FIBER O
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 I would like to
Page 9 and 10: 5 Page 4.3 Photoresist Deposition 4
Page 11 and 12: 7 Page 4-2 Exposure test results fr
Page 13 and 14: ABSTRACT 9 The design, fabrication,
Page 15 and 16: 11 architectures. 3,4 5 8 In all of
Page 17 and 18: 13 microlenses have been presented
Page 19 and 20: 15 element acts as an interface bet
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 2 17 LENS PARAMETERS FOR FI
Page 23 and 24: 19 power coupling efficiency, T, be
Page 25 and 26: lens is, 21 NAflber = ^=m^. R R . 2
Page 27 and 28: 2.3 Chromatic Aberration 23 Despite
Page 29 and 30: 25 JL 0.985 0.99 0.995 .005 .015 >r
Page 31 and 32: 27 Propagation Distance (mm) Figure
Page 33 and 34: 29 spherical wave emitted from a po
Page 35 and 36: 31 zones is used, the light from ev
Page 37 and 38: 33 OPD=Jrl+f 2 3 3 The incident pla
Page 39: 3.3 Multi-level Diffractive Lenses
Page 43 and 44: 39 a) T/N b) t(x) T/N ej2ro|> - I-*
Page 45 and 46: 41 A m = e-^sinci^j^t ij = 0 3.17 a
Page 47 and 48: 43 defining the structure of the le
Page 49 and 50: 45 where n is the index of the subs
Page 51 and 52: 47 B Q B mosiac aligned misaligned
Page 53 and 54: 49 4.3 Photoresist Deposition Shipl
Page 55 and 56: 51 Kfl A) 0 . . t .. .'i'S'l'lTtj
Page 57 and 58: 53 A. Substrate Preparation: 1. Soa
Page 59 and 60: 55 modulation is calculated using E
Page 61 and 62: Figure 4-5 Photographs from a scann
Page 63 and 64: 59 was taken as the distance the kn
Page 65 and 66: 61 SAMPLE 1 t IMAX=40.37% SAMPLE 2
Page 67 and 68: 63 670 nm Laser diode Microlens Arr
Page 69 and 70: 65 1 Experimental data n Ideal Gaus
Page 71 and 72: 67 /OwQ\ xCX /TK X~X Fiber Figure 5
Page 73 and 74: 5.4 Conclusions 69 The design, fabr
Page 75 and 76: Appendix A: MATLAB PROGRAM
Page 77 and 78: theta=4*lammm/pi/dmm; z=0:100; dg=d
Page 79 and 80: 75 4" MASK 1" SQUARE CENTER I NOTES
Page 81 and 82: TWP67 V=2mm H=5mm, 77 TWD671 BL1 AM
Page 83 and 84: 15 J.Jahns and A. Huang, "Planar in
Page 85: "J.L. Vossen and W. Kem, Thin Film

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