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JPATS AVIATION WEATHER BOOKLET This page intentionally left blank 3-20 Version 3.2/Dec 08
JPATS AVIATION WEATHER BOOKLET JX104 WEATHER HAZARDS OVERVIEW This chapter will cover the causes of turbulence, classification of the various categories of turbulence, conditions under which turbulence exists, and will recommend flying procedures to be used when turbulence is encountered. This chapter will also cover the requirements for icing formation, types of icing, and their effects on aircraft flight and aircraft components, including techniques that should be following for safe flight. Finally, this chapter will introduce the student to ceilings and visibility, sky coverage terminology, and the requirements for fog formation and dissipation, plus a synopsis of the aviation hazards of volcanic ash clouds. Turbulence is one of the most unexpected aviation hazards to fly through and is also one of the most difficult hazards to forecast. Severe and extreme turbulence has been known to cause extensive structural damage to military aircraft, with lesser intensities resulting in compressor stalls, flameouts, and injury to crewmembers and passengers. From minor bumps to severe mountain wave turbulence, turbulence comes in many forms and is usually worst during the winter months. It is estimated that turbulence causes $30 million in damage annually to aviation assets. Aircraft icing is another aviation weather hazard. Many aircraft accidents and incidents have been attributed to aircraft icing. In fact, many icing-related mishaps have occurred when the aircraft was not deiced before attempting takeoff. Most of the time, ground deicing and anti-icing procedures will adequately handle icing formation. However, there are times when pilots may be caught unaware of dangerous ice buildup. Historically, low ceilings and poor visibilities have contributed to many aircraft accidents. Fog, heavy snow, heavy rain, blowing sand, and blowing dust all restrict visibility and can also result in low ceilings. Adverse weather conditions causing widespread low ceilings and visibilities can restrict flying operations for days. Since ceiling and visibility is so important to operational flying, it is imperative that a pilot understands the strict meanings of the two terms. There are many different kinds of “visibility,” but pilots are usually more concerned with “prevailing visibility.” Ash clouds from volcanic eruptions present a unique hazard to aviation. Though most prudent aviators would choose to keep well clear of any active volcano, certain situations such as evacuations may require the military to operate in close proximity to ash clouds. The corresponding causes of aircraft damage are discussed in the last portion of the chapter. REFERENCES AFH 11-203, Weather for Aircrews, Volume 1, Chapters 1, 3, and 4. TURBULENCE DEFINED AND CLASSIFIED Turbulence is any irregular or disturbed flow in the atmosphere producing gusts and or eddies. Occurrences of turbulence are local in extent and transient in character. Although general forecasts of turbulence are quite good, forecasting precise locations is difficult. Turbulence intensity is classified using a subjective scale. Table 4-1 contains the four intensity levels and the three time descriptors used by aircrew when giving a Pilot Report (PIREP), which details the in-flight weather. You can see how individual crewmembers of the same aircraft Version 3.2/Dec 08 4-1
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JOINT PRIMARY AIRCRAFT TRAINING SYS
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JPATS AVIATION WEATHER BOOKLET JPAT
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LIST OF FIGURES JPATS AVIATION WEAT
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40. What are the forecast winds for
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W WA WBND WDLY WL WM WND WRN WS WSC
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JPATS Weather - NETC

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