Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC

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Characteristics of Power Systems & Variable Generation In each of the operational planning and real-time operations domains, the characteristics of the bulk power system must be understood to ensure reliable operation. For example, regulating reserves and ramping capabilities are critical attributes necessary to deal with the short-term uncertainty of demand and generation, as well as with the uncertainty in the demand forecasts and generation availability. At higher levels of variable generation, the operation and characteristics of the bulk power system can be significantly altered. These changes need to be considered and accommodated into the planning and operational processes. For example, as shown in Figure 2.2, wind generation can increase the gap between net demand at peak and off-peak periods, increasing the need for more dispatchable ramping capability from the resources on the system that provide this ramping capability. 14 Figure 2.2: Variable Generation can Increase System Flexibility Needs 14 If we assume that conventional generation resources provide all the ramping capability for the system, Figure 2.2 shows that in the absence of wind generation, these conventional resources must be able to ramp from 9,600 MW to 14,100 MW (4,500 MW of ramping capability) in order to meet the variation in load demand during the day shown in the figure by the red curve. With additional wind generation, the variation in net demand, defined as load demand minus wind generation, must be met using the ramping capability from the same conventional generators on the system. As shown in Figure 2.2, wind generation is significantly higher during the off peak load period than during the peak load period. Hence, the net demand during the day, shown in blue, varies from about 7,000 MW to 13,600 MW requiring the conventional generators to ramp from 7,000 MW to 13,600 MW (6,600 MW of ramping capability) which is approximately 45% greater than the ramping capability needed without wind generation. Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation 8
Characteristics of Power Systems & Variable Generation Variable generation can ramp-up in unison with demand, easing ramping requirements from conventional generators, or in opposition to demand, increasing system ramping requirements and thereby creating operational challenges (See Figure 2.3). Because the aggregate variability of the system is expected to increase at higher levels of wind penetration, the ramping requirements to be supplied from conventional system resources will also increase. This can be particularly pronounced during the morning demand pickup or evening demand drop-off time periods. During those time periods, it is vital to ensure sufficient ramping capability (i.e. flexible generation, storage and/or demand response) is committed and available, which further emphasizes the importance of accurate wind forecasting and proper procedures for dispatching and committing and dispatching needed generation and/or demand resources system-wide. Alberta System Demand and Wind Power Correlated Well Nov 6 2006 W System Demand M 9000 8500 8000 7500 320 240 160 80 System Wind Power MW 7000 Time - 1 Hr per Division 0 Alberta System Demand and Wind Power Do Not Correlate Well Jan 6, 2006 9000 320 System Demand MW 8500 8000 7500 240 160 80 System Wind Power MW 7000 Time - 1 Hr per Division 0 Figure 2.3: Wind and load ramps on the Alberta interconnected electric system 15 15 http://www.aeso.ca/downloads/Wind_Integration_Consultation_Oct_19_website_version.ppt Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation 9
Page 1 and 2: Special Report: Accommodating High
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary Additional flexib
Page 9 and 10: Introduction 1. Introduction Fossil
Page 11 and 12: Introduction Mindful of NERC’s mi
Page 13 and 14: Introduction In Arizona, the number
Page 15: Characteristics of Power Systems &
Page 19 and 20: Characteristics of Power Systems &
Page 23 and 24: 2.4. Principal Characteristics of W
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.1.3.Summary of Wind Controls Ch
Page 43 and 44: Transmission Planning & Resource Ad
Page 63 and 64: Power System Operations In the case
Page 65 and 66: Power System Operations 400 AESO Wi
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Power System Operations NERC Action
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Power System Operations participati
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Conclusions & Recommended Actions 5
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Conclusions & Recommended Actions g
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Appendix I: 2009-2011 Objective and
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Appendix II: Wind-Turbine Generatio
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Acronyms Acronyms ACE - Area Contro
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Acronyms VRT - Voltage Ride-Through
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IVGTF Roster Member William Grant M
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IVGTF Roster Observer Sasan Jalali
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IVGTF Roster NERC Staff Mark G. Lau
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References [15] EoN Netz Wind Repor
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References [42] Milligan, M.; Kirby
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References [66] GE Energy, Intermit
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References [89] Zavadil, R., J. Kin
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References [108] W. Wangdee, R. Bil
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Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC

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