Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC
Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC
Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC
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Transmission Planning & Resource Adequacy<br />
Electric vehicles (EVs), including Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), may prove to be a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> flexibility for the electric power system sometime in the future. The key technology<br />
which limits market penetration <strong>of</strong> electric vehicles is battery requirements (i.e. cost and length<br />
<strong>of</strong> charge). 77 Lightweight, high power density batteries suitable for this application are not yet<br />
available at the necessary quantity and price. As electric vehicles become available, they could<br />
also provide energy storage services that can benefit a bulk power system experiencing<br />
increasing levels <strong>of</strong> variability. However, many design hurdles need to be overcome, particularly<br />
on distribution system where the storage most likely will be charged/discharged, to fully capture<br />
the potential benefits <strong>of</strong> synergies between variable generation and electric vehicles. 78 Further, as<br />
each vehicle contains a converter, monitoring and study are required to investigate the potential<br />
generation <strong>of</strong> harmonics which could impact power quality. 79<br />
Developments in electric vehicles, storage and demand response may provide characteristics<br />
which will help accommodate high levels <strong>of</strong> variable generation. 80 Therefore, the task force<br />
recommends:<br />
<strong>NERC</strong> Action: Integration <strong>of</strong> large amounts <strong>of</strong> plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, storage<br />
and demand response programs may provide additional resource flexibility and influence<br />
bulk power system reliability and should be considered in planning studies. <strong>NERC</strong><br />
Planning Committee should assess the influence on reliability <strong>of</strong> accommodating large<br />
energy storage capability both stationary and mobile (such as Plug-in Hybrid Electric<br />
Vehicles), along with large amounts <strong>of</strong> demand response.<br />
Industry Action: The following industry research and development activities are needed:<br />
• Develop demand response and storage technologies.<br />
• Monitor the impact on reliability <strong>of</strong> distributed variable generators.<br />
• Improve forecasting methods, in particular, specific applications such as severe<br />
weather and next hour(s) ramping event forecasting.<br />
76 “20% Wind Energy by 2030 – Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply,” U.S.<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Energy, May 2008.<br />
77 Denholm, P. and Short, W. “An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Utility System Impacts and Benefits <strong>of</strong> Optimally Dispatched Plug-<br />
In Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” Technical Report NREL/TP-620-40293 Revised October 2006.<br />
78 Kempton, W and Tomic, J. “Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting largescale<br />
renewable energy,” Journal <strong>of</strong> Power Sources, Vol. 144, pp. 280 – 294, 2005.<br />
79 See http://www.spinnovation.com/sn/Presentation/EV_charging_evaluation_-_impact_on_utility.pdf<br />
80 http://www.nerc.com/docs/pc/drdtf/<strong>NERC</strong>_DSMTF_Report_040308.pdf<br />
<strong>Accommodating</strong> <strong>High</strong> <strong>Levels</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Variable</strong> <strong>Generation</strong> 51
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