Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC

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Characteristics of Power Systems & Variable Generation Figure 2.11: PV plant output on a sunny day (Sampling time 10 seconds) Figure 2.12: PV Plant output on a partly-cloudy day (Sampling time 10 seconds) Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation 28
Characteristics of Power Systems & Variable Generation The use of an inverter makes PV similar to Type 4 wind turbine-generators in that the inverter can provide real-time control of voltage, supporting both real and reactive power output. Given the absence of performance standards for PV inverter modules, it is likely that actual performance of PV inverter modules will vary from supplier to supplier. PV plants with ratings on the order of hundreds of MW are being proposed throughout the North America. It is unclear if the scale of these plants will limit the impact on ramping by virtue of significantly greater land coverage. PV connected at distribution levels, e.g. residential and small commercial installations are subject to IEEE Standard 1547. This standard prohibits distributed generation, including PV, from riding through grid disturbances involving significant voltage or frequency excursions, and also prohibits providing voltage control. 38 Thus, widespread deployment of small distribution connected variable generation has the potential to have adverse impacts on grid performance. Evidence of this problem is starting to surface in some small grids now. Further evolution and reconciliation of IEEE 1547 to take broader grid performance considerations into account is needed. 2.4.3. Power Management For variable generation to provide power plant control capabilities, it must be visible to the system operator and able to respond to dispatch instructions during normal and emergency conditions. Real-time wind turbine power output, availability, and curtailment information is critical to the accuracy of the variable generation plant output forecast, as well as to the reliable operation of the system. It is critical that the Balancing Area operator have real-time knowledge of the state of the variable generation plant and be able to communicate timely instructions to the plants. In turn, variable generation plant operators need to respond to directives provided by the Balancing Area in a timely manner. The need for this information was clearly illustrated during the restoration of the UCTE system following the disturbance of Nov. 9, 2006 when there was a lack of communications between distribution system operators (DSOs) and transmission system operators (TSOs) delayed the TSO’s ability to restore the bulk power system. 39 Therefore, as small variable generation facilities grow into significant plants contributing significantly to capacity and energy, balancing areas will require sufficient communications for monitoring and sending dispatch instructions to these facilities. 40 Further, Balancing areas and 38 See IEEE Standard 1547, “IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems,” page 7, 4.2, “Response to EPS Abnormal Conditions” 39 http://www.ucte.org/resources/publications/otherreports / 40 An international standard communications protocol has been prepared, IEC 61400-25, Wind turbines – Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants – Overall description of principles and models, International Electrotechnical Commission, December, 2006. Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation 29
Page 1 and 2: Special Report: Accommodating High
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary Additional flexib
Page 9 and 10: Introduction 1. Introduction Fossil
Page 11 and 12: Introduction Mindful of NERC’s mi
Page 13 and 14: Introduction In Arizona, the number
Page 15 and 16: Characteristics of Power Systems &
Page 23 and 24: 2.4. Principal Characteristics of W
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.1.3.Summary of Wind Controls Ch
Page 35: Characteristics of Power Systems &
Page 43 and 44: Transmission Planning & Resource Ad
Page 63 and 64: Power System Operations In the case
Page 65 and 66: Power System Operations 400 AESO Wi
Page 67 and 68: Power System Operations NERC Action
Page 69 and 70: Power System Operations participati
Page 71 and 72: Conclusions & Recommended Actions 5
Page 73 and 74: Conclusions & Recommended Actions g
Page 75 and 76: Appendix I: 2009-2011 Objective and
Page 83 and 84: Appendix II: Wind-Turbine Generatio
Page 85 and 86: Acronyms Acronyms ACE - Area Contro
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Acronyms VRT - Voltage Ride-Through
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IVGTF Roster Member William Grant M
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IVGTF Roster Observer Sasan Jalali
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IVGTF Roster NERC Staff Mark G. Lau
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References [15] EoN Netz Wind Repor
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References [42] Milligan, M.; Kirby
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References [66] GE Energy, Intermit
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References [89] Zavadil, R., J. Kin
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References [108] W. Wangdee, R. Bil
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Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC

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