Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation - NERC

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Characteristics of Power Systems & Variable Generation wind turbine-generators also decouple the turbine-generator drive train from the electric power grid, controlling the dynamics of the wind turbine-generator during grid disturbances. In common with Type 3 wind turbine-generators, this decoupling means that in the standard design inertial response can be a programmed feature during a frequency event 23 and the Type 4 wind turbine-generators can provide comparable inertial response/ performance to a conventional generator. The converter system also reduces dynamic stresses on drive train components when grid disturbances occur. Finally, the output current of a Type 4 wind turbine generators can be electronically modulated to zero; thereby limiting its short-circuiting current contribution and reducing the short-circuit duty of standard protection equipment. 2.4.1.2. Control capabilities of wind turbine generators Because of the rapid growth of variable generation and the resulting impacts on power system performance, variable generation must actively participate in maintaining system reliability along with conventional generation. In combination with advanced forecasting techniques, it is now possible to design variable generators with the full range of performance capability which is comparable, and in some cases superior, to conventional synchronous generators: 24 • Frequency Control and Power Management: Many modern wind turbines are capable of pitch control, which allows their output to be modified (curtailed) in real-time by adjusting the pitch of the turbine blades (i.e., “spilling wind” or “feathering the blades”). By throttling back their output, wind plants are able to limit or regulate their power output to a set level or to set rates of change by controlling the power output on individual turbines, as shown by the multiple red traces in Figure 2.5 and 2.6. This capability can be used to limit ramp rate and/or power output a wind generator and it can also contribute to power system frequency control. Turbines without pitch control cannot limit their power output in the same fashion. However, a similar effect can be realized by shutting down some of the turbines in the wind plant (sometimes known as a “wind farm”). Some Type 3 and Type 4 wind-turbine generators are also capable of controlling their power output in real time in response to variations in grid frequency using variable speed drives. This control feature could be useful or required for islanded systems or in interconnections with high penetration scenarios when the turbine can operate below the total available power in the wind. 23 Lalor, G., Mullane, A., and O’Malley, M.J., “Frequency Control and Wind Turbine Technologies,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, pp. 1903-1913, 2005. 24 Morjaria, M., Grid Friendly Wind Power Plants, European Wind Energy Conference. Brussels, Belgium, March, 2008. Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation 18
Characteristics of Power Systems & Variable Generation Figure 2.5: Regulation of Wind Turbine-Generator output using blade pitch control (Source: BEW report for CEC, May 2006) Type 3 and 4 wind-turbine generators do not automatically provide inertial response and, with large wind penetrations of these technologies, frequency deviations could be expected following a major loss of generation. 25 Some manufacturers are now implementing control strategies that will provide inertial response 26 responding to some interconnection procedures and standards requiring this capability. 27 Unlike a typical thermal power plant whose output ramps downward rather slowly, wind plants can react quickly to a dispatch instruction taking seconds, rather than minutes. Operators need to understand this characteristic when requesting reductions of output. 25 Mullane, A. and O’Malley, M.J., “The inertial-response of induction-machine based wind-turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, pp. 1496 – 1503, 2005. 26 Miller, N.W., K. Clark, R. Delmerico, M. Cardinal, “WindINERTIA: Controlled Intertial Response from GE Wind Turbines Generators,” CanWEA, Vancouver, B.C., October 20, 2008. 27 Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, “Technical requirements for the connection of generation facilities to the Hydro- Québec transmission system,” May 2006 Accommodating High Levels of Variable Generation 19
Page 1 and 2: Special Report: Accommodating High
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: Executive Summary Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary Additional flexib
Page 9 and 10: Introduction 1. Introduction Fossil
Page 11 and 12: Introduction Mindful of NERC’s mi
Page 13 and 14: Introduction In Arizona, the number
Page 15 and 16: Characteristics of Power Systems &
Page 23 and 24: 2.4. Principal Characteristics of W
Page 25: Characteristics of Power Systems &
Page 31 and 32: 2.4.1.3.Summary of Wind Controls Ch
Page 43 and 44: Transmission Planning & Resource Ad
Page 63 and 64: Power System Operations In the case
Page 65 and 66: Power System Operations 400 AESO Wi
Page 67 and 68: Power System Operations NERC Action
Page 69 and 70: Power System Operations participati
Page 71 and 72: Conclusions & Recommended Actions 5
Page 73 and 74: Conclusions & Recommended Actions g
Page 75 and 76: Appendix I: 2009-2011 Objective and
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Appendix I: 2009-2011 Objective and
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Appendix II: Wind-Turbine Generatio
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Acronyms Acronyms ACE - Area Contro
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Acronyms VRT - Voltage Ride-Through
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IVGTF Roster Member William Grant M
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IVGTF Roster Observer Sasan Jalali
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IVGTF Roster NERC Staff Mark G. Lau
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References [15] EoN Netz Wind Repor
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References [42] Milligan, M.; Kirby
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References [66] GE Energy, Intermit
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References [89] Zavadil, R., J. Kin
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References [108] W. Wangdee, R. Bil
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