FY2010 - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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Director’s R&D Fund— National Security Science and Technology constructed dual monochomator that makes it possible to measure the wavelengths of the two photons both independently and in coincidence. Using this device, it was shown that the degree of spectral entanglement can be controlled by adjusting the bandwidth of the pump laser and, moreover, that the right bandwidth eliminates the spectral entanglement entirely. The high brightness and exceptional spectral and spatial purity make our down-conversion source ideal for entanglement of multiple pairs of photons. This was to be demonstrated by extending the beam displacer technique from two photons to four. This approach is more efficient than techniques used by other groups, since it facilitates the generation of fourphoton entanglement without requiring two-photon entanglement. At the close of the 2-year project, the four-photon scheme was completely aligned. The four-photon state is ready to be verified, pending the acquisition of additional single-photon detectors. Information Shared Bennink, R. S. 2009. “Optimal Gaussian beams for collinear spontaneous parametric down-conversion.” Proceedings of the Workshop on Single and Entangled Photons: Sources, Detectors, Components, and Applications, 68. Bennink, R. S. 2010. “Optimal collinear Gaussian beams for spontaneous parametric down-conversion.” Phys. Rev. A 81, 053805. Evans, P. G., R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, T. S. Humble, and J. Schaake. 2009. “Bright Entangled Photon Source Optimized for Single Mode Emission and Minimum Spectral Entanglement.” Frontiers in Optics, paper JMA4. Evans, P. G., R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, T. S. Humble, and J. Schaake. 2010. “Bright source of spectrally uncorrelated polarization-entangled photons with nearly single-mode emission.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 253601, December 13. Grice, W. P., R. S. Bennink, P. G. Evans, and T. S. Humble. 2009. “The role of spectal and spatial entanglement in down-conversion experiments.” Proceedings of the Workshop on Single and Entangled Photons: Sources, Detectors, Components, and Applications, 99. 05228 Integrated Navigation System for GPS-Denied Environments Stephen F. Smith, Miljko Bobrek, Charles L. Britton, Milton Nance Ericson, Michael S. Summers, and James Anthony Moore Project Description ORNL is exploiting an unusually timely opportunity to implement a significant solution to the vital national problem of Global Positioning System (GPS)–denied navigation (i.e., to navigate accurately in all environments, with or without GPS). This project involves the research and proof-of-concept demonstration of a novel frequency-agile integrated navigation system for individuals and assets that will perform in GPS-denied environments, including canyons, urban settings, underground, and deep inside buildings. The foundation of this system is the reception of appropriate ground-wave radio-frequency (RF) location signals (the Theater Positioning System [TPS] + LORAN), augmented by a breakthroughtechnology local inertial navigation system (INS), used to measure motional displacements and rotations of the user to instantaneously and accurately determine his/her location and bearing. ORNL has conceptually developed several novel radiolocation signal formats and mathematical data-fusion algorithms (U.S. Patents 6,556,942; 7,394,381; and 7,626,544 issued plus six more patents pending) and is also combining leading-edge techniques in RF-based orientation (azimuth) determination, quartz-based timekeeping and accelerometry, electronic circuitry, software, and measurement science to achieve a new 142
Director’s R&D Fund— National Security Science and Technology paradigm in reliable, low-power, low-cost INS units. All these components, plus advanced signal modeling and simulation, will be used to assemble a laboratory demonstration of the integrated TPS/INS navigation system. Our overall research and development (R&D) focus is on the next-generation user navigation unit, including the RF receivers, signal processing, and INS and timing modules. Mission Relevance A major concern in the tracking of personnel by agencies, such as the Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Department of Justice, and assets by DOE, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and the DOD is the heavy dependence on GPS for accurate position information in the field. However, the use of GPS is at times unreliable (typically only ~85% coverage) and even subject to “spoofing” by an adversary. The obvious consequences of inaccurate (or no) position information can be severe, up to and including injury or death of personnel or loss of key assets (i.e., special nuclear materials). Although autonomous INS units have been proposed as short-term backups to GPS reception during outages, these units are too costly (>$5K), heavy, bulky, inaccurate, and power hungry to be deployed except in a few specialized applications. For most venues, a much more robust, inexpensive technique is needed, especially where GPS outages occur due to jamming or foliated terrain and in buildings and underground scenarios. This project directly addresses this need. Specific U.S. Government agencies that could benefit from applications of this technology include DOE (research facilities, electrical distribution, and environmental monitoring), NNSA (production-plant assets and materials transportation), DOD/DHS (personnel/vehicle tracking, combat and emergency operations, plus logistics), and the Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration (reliable navigation and timing). Results and Accomplishments We have thus far continued the R&D of a new, patentable high-performance version of TPS, a terrestrially based RF backup for GPS, compatibly operating in the existing worldwide 90–110 kHz LORAN-C radionavigation band. A new variant of this system developed this year replaces the existing LORAN format (discontinued by the U.S. Government in February 2010) with a new specialized spread-spectrum signal that will greatly improve the accuracy, range, and robustness of the old LORAN protocol. The new signal’s format design has been largely completed, and detailed performance simulations are under way; a patent disclosure is also in preparation. In addition, a U.S. patent was issued on TPS (December 1, 2009) and two more patents allowed (October–November 2010). Further, we continued the R&D of a next-generation combined seven-oscillator quartz-based timing system and INS to determine the user’s location and orientation; the unit should vastly outperform current INS units [based on optical and microelectromechanical (MEMS) systems technologies] in accuracy, stability, size, weight, power, and cost. A key electronic advancement we have achieved is the use of tightly balanced, fully differential oscillator circuitry to convert DC bias drifts to common-mode effects, thus drastically reducing the long-term phase noise in the differential output signals. Coupled with advanced auto-zeroing techniques, we have demonstrated nearly a factor-of-100 improvement over standard quartz oscillator units and radically better long-term overall stabilities. In addition, we have pioneered a novel dual-mode compensated oscillator architecture using a 5th-overtone crystal mode to correct for quartz temperature drifts; a U.S. Patent application is being currently prepared. We have also continued R&D of a novel three-dimensional antenna/magnetometer unit for improved TPS reception, providing receiver location and orientation information, which will facilitate integrating the TPS and INS subsystems into a highly reliable, self-calibrating, user-friendly navigation device ideal for GPSdenied environments. 143
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FY2010 - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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