FY2010 - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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Seed Money Fund— Computer Science and Mathematics Division Information Shared A. Braiman, F. Rudakov, and T. Thundat. 2010. “Highly Selective Separation of DNA Fragments Using Optically Directed Transport.” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 053701; paper also selected for the Feb. 15, 2010, issue of Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research. A. Braiman, T. Thundat, and F. Rudakov. 2010. “DNA Separation on Surfaces.” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 033703; paper also selected for the Aug. 1, 2010, issue of Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research. Project team. 2010. Presentation at 3rd International Multi-conference on Engineering and Technological Innovation, July 2; received the Session’s Best Paper Award. 05877 Novel Standoff Sensing Method for Explosives with Rydberg State Spectroscopy and Radar Detection Fedor Rudakov Project Description We propose a novel approach to sensing of chemicals that, unlike any other existing technique for standoff detection, is capable of distinguishing between molecules with very close structures. The basis for our technique is Rydberg-state spectroscopy followed by microwave-based detection. The target molecules are first excited to the 3s Rydberg state and then pass through the 4p, 5p Rydberg states when probed by two-photon ionization. Transitions between the Rydberg states reveal a highly resolved and purely electronic spectrum that is characteristic of the molecular structure. This spectrum is subsequently recovered by probing the remotely generated photoinduced plasma with microwave radiation. Scattering of the microwaves from the photoinduced plasma reveals the underlying Rydberg spectrum and the “molecular fingerprint.” Mission Relevance The proposed technique for standoff detection is scientifically novel and may find multiple applications. For example, due to its high sensitivity, the proposed design can be used for detection of airborne chemicals (i.e., for pollution monitoring). Rydberg spectroscopy is insensitive to molecular vibrations. Therefore, the proposed design may be applicable for studying combustion reactions. Besides, since the complexity of the Rydberg spectra does not scale with the size of the molecule, the technique is well applicable for detection of complex organic molecules and clusters. The proposed design may also find applications in nuclear cycle monitoring and non-proliferation control. Results and Accomplishments We started work on the project in October 2010 (FY 2011). To perform a proof-of-feasibility experiment we acquired the Rydberg spectrum of diazobiciclooctane (DABCO). The molecule is excited to the 3s Rydberg state by 266 nm laser pulses and then probed out of that state by two-photon ionization using a dye laser. The spectrum is read out by probing the remotely generated plasma with microwave radiation. 202
Seed Money Fund— Energy and Transportation Science Division ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE DIVISION 05867 Identification and Rapid Screening of New and Unique Plant Sources for Biofuels Bruce G. Bunting, Sam L. Lewis, Mike Bunce, and Blake L. Joyce Project Description In this project we evaluated a number of nontraditional plants for their ability to produce compounds that could be used as partial substitution for petroleum-derived fuels, in order to expand biofuels beyond commonly used ethanol and fatty acid methyl esters. This evaluation included plant selection, acquisition and characterization of the plant extracts, evaluation of fuel properties and specifications of the extracts, evaluation of emissions and combustion characteristics of the fuel blends, and generalization of our evaluation procedures into a recommended practice. This ORNL project has a parallel University of Tennessee–Knoxville (UTK) funded project in the Plant Sciences Department related to selection of the plants and obtaining samples of the extracts. Mission Relevance The plants discovered and techniques developed could potentially expand the range of biofuel source material available and could also serve as genetic roadmaps for improving plants to product more fueluseful extracts. DOE programs that could benefit would be the Office of Biomass (increased and more diverse supply combined with rapid screening techniques) and the Vehicle Technology Program (improved understanding of fuel chemistry and property effects). The experimental procedures used for evaluating the fuels can serve as standard procedures for evaluating new and emerging biofuels. We have not, as yet, procured follow-on funding. However, the techniques of this research have been used to support three research proposals: (1) partnering with the University of Georgia and others in the area of fuels from pyrolysis (did not win), (2) partnering with Johns Hopkins and others in the area of fuels from pyrolysis (awards not announced yet), and (3) an ORNL proposal to the U.S. Marine Corps to evaluate the local generation of biofuels in areas of military deployment (pending for 2011). Discussions were also held with ORNL program management related to matching this research into our DOE Office of Biomass research portfolio or our Department of Agriculture research portfolio, but no match was found. UTK is also exploring several funding avenues for continuing this research. Results and Accomplishments UTK identified six plants as having potential as biofuel sources and obtained samples. Two of the extracts were obtained in both a raw and partially refined form, resulting in a total of eight plant extracts. The plants were (1, 2) Copaifera, “diesel tree,” raw and steam distilled; (3) Aleurites moluccana, “kukui” or “candlenut”; (4, 5) Pittosporum resiniferum, “petroleum nut,” raw and cold stabilized; (6) Cymbopogon 203
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NEUTRON SCIENCES ..................
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Introduction INTRODUCTION The Labor
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FY2010 - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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