Snow Leopard Survival Strategy - Panthera

More documents

Recommendations

Info

on sheep in the French Jura Mountains. Biological Conservation 101:15-22. The selective removal of carnivores from local areas is sometimes proposed to reduce the number of attacks on livestock. For the lynx, neither the existence of problem individuals nor the efficacy of their selective removal has been demonstrated. In France, from 1989 to 1999, eight lynx and two large carnivores thought to be lynx were legally removed from high conflict areas by trapping (n=7), shooting (n=1) or poisoning with toxic collars on sheep (n=2). The efficacy of the 10 removals was assessed on the farms where a lynx was caught and in the 5-km-radius areas encompassing both these farms and nearby sheep farms. The sex-ratio of captured lynx was seven males : one female. On four farms and in six 5-km- radius areas lynx attacks on sheep reappeared within 40 days after lynx removal, but we observed a significant decrease in the overall number of attacks. In the medium-term (48-365 days), the number of attacks decreased on two farms and in four 5-km radius areas when compared with the number observed in control plots > 10 km away from the removal sites. In the longterm, attacks reappeared on the same sites indicating a “site” effect. In such situations, selective removals may only temporarily reduce the problem of concentrated lynx damage. The only way to obtain a durable effect is to improve shepherding techniques. Stander, P. E., P. J. Haden, Kaqece and Ghau. 1997. The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards. Journal of Zoology 242:343-364. Data on the ecology of leopards (Panthera pardus) from north- eastern Namibia are presented and discussed in terms of the possible costs and benefits of solitary behaviour. In an area of low leopard density, where individuals lived alone, both males and females occupied large home ranges, (male = 210-1164 km 2 ; female = 183- 194 km 2 ). Despite resource and reproductive advantages in maintaining exclusive ranges, the degree of range overlap both between and within sexes was substantial. Average overlap between males was 46% and between females 35%. The cost of dispersal appeared high as all three marked sub-adults died, and most recorded mortalities were of sub-adults. Females with dependent young showed a significant increase in per capita food intake compared to single females and males. Higher foraging success by females with cubs was revealed through two energy expenditure parameters (kg/km travelled/day and kg/hunt/day). Differential food intake between females with cubs, single females and males can be explained partly by differences in day ranges, body size and costs of parental care. Females shared 27% of their food with cubs and the costs of sharing food does not appear as high as previously suggested. Inter-specific competition over food and the defence of carcasses is suggested as an important cost to group living. Leopard kills were visited by other large carnivores (12%) but food loss was minimal (2%). Leopards successfully avoided conflict with inter-specific competitors by dragging and hiding kills in thick vegetation. We argue that solitary and secretive behaviour enables leopards to avoid the costs of defending carcasses against larger and gregarious carnivores. Stander, P. E., Kaqece, Nisa, T. Dabe and D. Dabe. 2001. Non-consumptive utilisation of leopards: community conservation and ecotourism in practice. Pages 50-57 in J. van Heerden, editor Proceedings of a Symposium on Lions and Leopards as Game Ranch Animals. Widlife Group, South African Veterinary Association, Onderstepoort, South Africa. In north-eastern Namibia approximately 856 Ju/Hoan San make a sparse existence from a mixture of hunting, gathering and small scale livestock farming. The San community share their land with a wide range of wildlife species including leopards. Large carnivores are seen as a nuisance since they kill livestock. Cattle, especially calves, horses, chickens and domestic dogs fall prey to these carnivores, to give an annual financial loss of N$257 per village. Leopards are responsible for losses amounting to N$55 per village per year. Some leopards (N=12) were translocated after killing livestock. The San community was involved in finding solutions to the human wildlife conflict by, firstly, quantifying their traditional knowledge and skills, such as tracking, as scientifically measurable criteria. Secondly, these skills were employed in studying the ecology of the leopards and in developing an ecotourism product. This product, tested vigorously for feasibility and reliability, proved highly successful as the community generated funds that exceeded their annual losses to large carnivore predation by several fold. The success of the ecotourism enterprise depended on a collaborative effort between the Ju/Hoan community, the tourism industry and the local conservation authorities. Steinel A., C.R. Parrish, M.E. Bloom and U. Truyen. 2001. Parvovirus infections in wild carnivores. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:594-607. Various parvoviruses infect carnivores and can cause disease. In this review article the knowledge about infections of free- ranging or captive carnivores with the feline parvoviruses, feline panleukopenia virus, and canine parvovirus, including the. antigenic types CPV- 2a and -2b, as well as Aleutian disease of mink virus and minute virus of canines are summarized. Particular emphasis is placed on description of the evolution of canine parvo-virus which apparent ly involved wild carnivore hosts. Sunde, P. and T. Kvam. 1997. Diet patterns of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx: What causes sexually determined prey size segregation? Acta Theriologica 42(2):189-201. 100 | SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY
The influence of sex, body weight, physical condition, age and season on diet choice was investigated by hunting reports and intestinal analyses of 441 lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) from Norway killed during 1960-1996. Of self-provisioning (greater than or equal to 1 yr) lynx (n = 280), males preyed proportionately more upon cervids (primarily roe deer Capreolus capreolus and semi-domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus) compared to small game (mountain hare Lepus timidus and tetraonids) than females did. Only 5.4% of the variation in prey preference towards small game and cervids (p = 0.0002) could be explained by sex. In a logistic regression model, no additive effect of weight or any other parameters was found after sex had been included. We did not find sufficient evidence for body weight (sensu stricto) being related to prey choice, but propose that sexually determined prey segregation in lynx is caused by different ranging behaviour resulting in different encounter rates with different kinds of prey. Sunde, P., T. Kvam, J.P. Bolstad and M. Bronndal. 2000. Foraging of lynxes in a managed boreal-alpine environment. Ecography 23:291-298. Foraging of Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx was studied with telemetry and snow tracking in central Norway. In all habitats and at all seasons, medium-sized ungulates (roe deer Capreolus capreolus, reindeer Rangifer tarandus and domestic sheep Ovis aries) dominated the diet (81% of ingested biomass estimated from faeces). Mountain hares Lepus timidus and galliform birds comprised the remainder of the diet (15% and 3%, respectively). Lynxes with different life history status did not differ in prey choice, but adult males utilised carcasses of ungulate prey considerably less (16% of the edible parts) than did females with offspring (80%) and subadults (58%). Forest habitats in lowlands and adjacent to cultivated fields were the most favourable foraging habitats (indexed as the prey encounter rate per km lynx track) primarily owing to the presence of roe deer. Two family groups tracked in winter killed 0.2 ungulate per day. The importance of agricultural land as a foraging habitat and the dominance of livestock in the diet in remoter areas indicate that the lynx has responded to agriculture and reindeer husbandry during the past century by switching from small game to ungulates. Sunde, P., T. Kvam, P. Moa, A. Negard and K. Overskaug. 2000. Space use by Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx in central Norway. Acta Theriologica 45(4):507-524. Habitat and spatial organisation of 11 radio tagged Eurasian lynxes Lynn lynx Linnaeus, 1758 were studied in a low-density (ca 0.3 ind/100 km 2 ) population in a boreal-alpine environment with low and temporally varying densities (less than or equal to 180 ind/100 km 2 in winter) of ungulate prey, primarily roe deer and semi-domestic reindeer. The use of habitat measured as 4 biome categories ranked from south boreal to alpine influenced mountain vegetation did not vary seasonally, but lowlands were much preferred to alpine habitats. Adult males moved almost 3 times farther per day in linear distance ((x) over bar = 5.9 km, n = 3) than did females with kittens ((x) over bar = 2.0 km, n = 4) or subadult females ((x) over bar = 2.5 km, n = 6; p = 0.002). Subadults (n = 5) dispersed 42 +/- 13 ((x) over bar +/- SE) km during the first 9 months of independence, but often visited their natal range during the first year on their own. Adult lynxes roamed over very large annual ranges [males: 1906 +/- 387 km 2 (n = 4), females: 561 +/- 102 km 2 (n = 6)] that took greater than or equal to 5 days to pass through, independently of sex. The only male monitored over more than 1 year maintained 2 separate home ranges each year. The larger home ranges and the possible tendency towards less defined territory boundaries than previously reported for the species, may be caused by the lower prey and population densities, though culling of adult individuals may also have played a role by continuously. creating empty gaps in the territorial mosaic. Taber, A. B., A. Novaro, N. Neris and F. H. Colman. 1997. Food habits of sympatric jaguar and puma in the Paraguayan Chaco. Biotropica 29(2):204-213. Food habits of jaguar and puma were studied in two regions of the Paraguayan Chaco. Biochemical analysis of 280 scats attributed 106 to jaguar and 95 to puma. Overall dietary overlap was 65 percent and they shared six of seven main prey types. For both cats 43 percent of prey items and 15 percent of prey biomass taken were mammal species
Page 1 and 2:
Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Edit
Page 3 and 4:
Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Edit
Page 5 and 6:
Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Prod
Page 7 and 8:
Country Strategies and Action Plans
Page 9 and 10:
Foreword The range of Uncia uncia e
Page 11 and 12:
Executive Summary I. SNOW LEOPARD:
Page 13 and 14:
R.17 Livestock depredation causes R
Page 15 and 16:
Other names: Ounce (English); panth
Page 17 and 18:
There is little information on the
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1: Range wide model of poten
Page 21 and 22:
shan in the extreme north of Qingha
Page 23 and 24:
tial snow leopard habitat and offer
Page 25 and 26:
political will for conservation sho
Page 27 and 28:
significant loopholes: for example
Page 29 and 30:
its prey species, such as the argal
Page 31 and 32:
2. Threats and Conservation Actions
Page 33 and 34:
homes and clothing in many parts of
Page 35 and 36:
• Where possible, estimate carryi
Page 37 and 38:
Monitoring Protocols / Success Indi
Page 39 and 40:
Potential Pitfalls: • High logist
Page 41 and 42:
Potential Pitfalls: • Corruption
Page 43 and 44:
Potential Pitfalls: • Organized c
Page 45 and 46:
Monitoring Protocols / Success Indi
Page 47 and 48:
Potential Pitfalls: • Requires lo
Page 49 and 50:
3. Research and Information Needs D
Page 51 and 52: leopards. This reflects the fact th
Page 53 and 54: Case Studies Jennings, M. D. 2000.
Page 55 and 56: Potential Methods • Develop a sta
Page 57 and 58: Lynx lynx predation on semi-domesti
Page 59 and 60: Stander, P. E., P. J. Haden, Kaqece
Page 61 and 62: Karanth, U. K. and J. Nichols. 2002
Page 63 and 64: officials. It will be necessary to
Page 65 and 66: B. Action Planning Assistance The A
Page 67 and 68: Literature cited Adil, A.W. 1997. S
Page 69 and 70: Jackson, R., G.G. Ahlborn, S. Ale,
Page 71 and 72: (Uncia uncia) population in the sou
Page 73 and 74: Lu Zhi China Yale Univ. School of F
Page 75 and 76: Biek, R and M. Poss. 2002. Using ph
Page 77 and 78: Arctic caribou herd (CAH) have been
Page 79 and 80: Fox, J. L. and R. M. Jackson. 2002.
Page 81 and 82: Harris, R. B., D. H. Pletscher, C.
Page 83 and 84: Jackson, R M. and J. Roe. 2002. Pre
Page 85 and 86: Karanth, K. U. and M. E. Sunquist.
Page 87 and 88: for 62% of the area in panther home
Page 89 and 90: deer migration. Observations of dee
Page 91 and 92: taxa. To prevent or mitigate future
Page 93 and 94: of infection and mortality in Afric
Page 95 and 96: National des Volcans in Rwanda. Two
Page 97 and 98: were post hoc and harvests were pro
Page 99 and 100: approximately 46% of estimates of i
Page 101: Solanki, G. S. and R. M. Naik. 1998
Page 105 and 106: trophy management can contribute si
Page 107 and 108: SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY | 10
show all

Snow Leopard Survival Strategy - Panthera

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?