Snow Leopard Survival Strategy - Panthera

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outbreak. • Conduct regular snow leopard health assessment to monitor health status and identify any crisis. This will be mainly based on health examination during captures and screening for parasites present in scats. • Consult with experts (IUCN Veterinary Specialist Group) for actions. Case Studies Boomker, J. Penzhorm, B.L. and I.G. Horak. 2001. Parasites of lions (Panthera leo) and leopards (Panthera pardus): a documentation. Pages 131- 142 in J. van Heerden, editor Proceedings of a Symposium on Lions and Leopards as Game Ranch Animals. Widlife Group, South African Veterinary Association, Onderstepoort, South Africa. Deem, S.L., L.H. Spelman, R.A. Yates and R.J. Montali. 2000. Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: A review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31: 441-451. Degiorgis, M.P., C.H. Segerstad, B. Christensson and T. Morner. 2001. Otodectic otoacariasis in free-ranging Eurasian lynx in Sweden. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:626-629. Funk, S. M. and C. V. Fiorello. 2001. The role of disease in carnivore ecology and conservation. Pages 443-466 in Gittleman, J. L., S. M. Funk, D. W. Mac- Donald and R. K. Wayne, editors. Carnivore Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York & Melbourne. Meltzer, D.G.A. 2001. Disease overview of large felids. Pages 143-150 in J. van Heerden, editor Proceedings of a Symposium on Lions and Leopards as Game Ranch Animals. Widlife Group, South African Veterinary Association, Onderstepoort, South Africa. Murray, D. L., C. A. Kapke, J. F. Evermann and T. K. Fuller. 1999. Infectious disease and the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores. Animal Conservation 2:241-254. Osofsky, S.A., K.J. Hirsch, E.E. Zuckerman and W.D. Hardy. 1996. Feline lentivirus and feline oncovirus status of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Botswana: A regional perspective. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27:453-467. Packer, C., S. Altizer, M. Appel, E. Brown, J. Martenson, S.J. O’Brien, M. Roelke-Parker, R. Hofmann-Lehmann and H. Lutz. 1999. Viruses of the Serengeti: patterns of infection and mortality in African lions. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:1161-1178. Paul-Murphy, J., T. Work, D. Hunter, E. McFie and D. Fjelline. 1994. Serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (Felis concolor) in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:205-215. Steinel A., C.R. Parrish, M.E. Bloom and U. Truyen. 2001. Parvovirus infections in wild carnivores. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37:594-607. Roelke M.E., D.J. Forrester, E.R. Jacobson, G.V. Kollias, F.W. Scott, M.C. Barr, J.F. Evermann and E.C. Pirtle. 1933. Seroprevalence of infectious disease agents in free-ranging Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:36-49. Rotstein, D. S., R. Thomas, K. Helmick, S. B. Citino, S. K. Taylor and M. R. Dunbar. 1999. Dermatophyte infections in free-ranging Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30(2):281-284. Ryser-Degiorgis, M.P., A. Ryser, L.N. Bacciarini, C. Angst, B. Gottstein, M. Janovsky and U. Breitenmoser. 2002. Notoedric and sarcoptic mange in free-ranging lynx from Switzerland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38:228-232. R.20 Snow leopard home-range size and habitat use: A few notable studies of snow leopard range size and habitat use have been completed, however, the results indicate broad difference are likely across the range. Studies from several representative areas across the range are clearly needed to better understand these basic ecological parameters for the species. Potential Methods • Conduct radio-tracking studies in areas where snow leopards have different ecology. • Some of these studies should be long term. Case Studies Sunde, P., T. Kvam, P. Moa, A. Negard and K. Overskaug. 2000. Space use by Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx in central Norway. Acta Theriologica 45(4): 507-524. Sunde, P., T. Kvam, J.P. Bolstad and M. Bronndal. 2000. Foraging of lynxes in a managed boreal-alpine environment. Ecography 23:291-298. R.21 Snow leopard social structure and behavior: As with home-range size and habitat use, social structure and behavior in the wild have been examined in few studies and are even more poorly understood. Potential Methods • Conduct radio-tracking studies in areas where snow leopards have different ecology. • Some of these studies should be long term. Case Studies Ferreras, P., J. F. Beltran, J. J. Aldama and M. Delibes. 1997. Spatial organization and land tenure system of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Journal of Zoology 243:163-189. Pierce, B.M., V.C. Bleich and R.T. Bowyer. 2000. Social organization of mountain lions: Does a landtenure system regulate population size? Ecology 81:1533-1543. 56 | SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY
Stander, P. E., P. J. Haden, Kaqece and Ghau. 1997. The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards. Journal of Zoology 242:343-364. R.22 Snow leopard population genetics: There have been no attempts to look at population genetics for this species in the wild. Gene flow across their highly fragmented range should be examined. Population isolates are likely and their existence will be a factor in conservation planning. Sub-speciation may be a fact between northern and southern portions of the range, but has not been documented. Potential Methods • Gather all wild snow leopard genetic samples that may be available and conduct genetic analysis. • Identify any inbreeding, deleterious effect or genetic structuration in the existing snow leopard population. • Finer level of genetic structuration may also be investigated using snow leopard virus genetic structuration. Case Studies Biek, R and M. Poss. 2002. Using phylogeography of a microparasite to assess spatial population structure in its mammalian carnivore host. Presentation at 2002 Society for Conservation Biology Annual Meeting, Canterbury, UK. Eizirik, E., J. H. Kim, M. Menotti-Raymond, P. G. Crawshaw, S. J. O’Brien and W. E. Johnson. 2001. Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae). Molecular Ecology 10(1):65-79. Maehr, D. S. and G. B. Caddick. 1995. Demographics and genetic introgression in the Florida panther. Conservation Biology 9(5):1295-1298. Spong, G., M. Johansson and M. Bjorklund. 2000. High genetic variation in leopards indicates large and long- term stable effective population size. Molecular Ecology 9:1773-1782. Schwartz, M. K., L. S. Mills, Y. Ortega, L. F. Ruggiero and F. W. Allendorf. 2003. Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Molecular Ecology (12)7:1807-1816 Uphyrkina, O., D. Miquelle, H. Quigley, C. Driscoll, and S. J. O’Brien. 2002. Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). Journal of Heredity 93(5):303-311. R.23 Snow leopard food habits: Snow leopard food habits are fairly well documented from various parts of their range, however, it is important that at least cursory studies of prey selection are conducted to help correctly focus conservation schemes aimed at stabilizing or increasing food availability for the cats. Potential Methods • Develop a standardized protocol to investigate snow leopard diet (mainly from scats and carcasses). This includes recording items in the field as well as identification in the laboratory. • Analyze samples that may already be available and conduct surveys to assess prey use by snow leopard. Case Studies Cunningham, S. C., C. R. Gustavson and W. B. Ballard. 1999. Diet selection of mountain lions in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Range Management 52(3):202-207. Johnson, K. G., W. Wang, D. G. Reid and J. C. Hu. 1993. Food-habits of Asiatic leopards (Panthera pardus fusea) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China. Journal of Mammalogy 74(3):646-650. Maehr, D. S. and C. T. Moore. 1992. Models of mass growth for 3 North-American cougar populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 56(4):700-707. Oli, M. K. 1993. A Key for the identification of the hair of mammals of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Nepal. Journal of Zoology 231: 71-93. Oli, M. K., I. R. Taylor and M. E. Rogers. 1993. Diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Journal of Zoology 231(3):365-370. R.24 Snow leopard relationship to other predators: A broad suite of carnivores occur within snow leopard range and no studies have been undertaken to look at inter-specific relationships including competition for food or aggression. Another issue that could be of importance to conservation planning is misidentification of predators responsible for livestock depredation. Potential Methods • Review literature for sympatry or exclusion between snow leopards and other carnivores, and develop a standardized framework to record them. • Develop specific tool to record other carnivore presence and differentiate it from snow leopard presence. Include all carnivores while surveying for snow leopards. • Similarly to what has been done for snow leopard distribution, develop a GIS database for other carnivore species throughout the snow leopard range. Incorporate relationship information into this database. • Identify patterns of relationship and how this is likely to affect snow leopard population, or identify areas where information is lacking. Case Studies Caro, T. and C. Stoner. 2003. The potential for interspecific competition among African carnivores. Biological Conservation 110(1):67-75 SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY | 57
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Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Edit
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Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Edit
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Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Prod
Page 7 and 8: Country Strategies and Action Plans
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The range of Uncia uncia e
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary I. SNOW LEOPARD:
Page 13 and 14: R.17 Livestock depredation causes R
Page 15 and 16: Other names: Ounce (English); panth
Page 17 and 18: There is little information on the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1: Range wide model of poten
Page 21 and 22: shan in the extreme north of Qingha
Page 23 and 24: tial snow leopard habitat and offer
Page 25 and 26: political will for conservation sho
Page 27 and 28: significant loopholes: for example
Page 29 and 30: its prey species, such as the argal
Page 31 and 32: 2. Threats and Conservation Actions
Page 33 and 34: homes and clothing in many parts of
Page 35 and 36: • Where possible, estimate carryi
Page 37 and 38: Monitoring Protocols / Success Indi
Page 39 and 40: Potential Pitfalls: • High logist
Page 41 and 42: Potential Pitfalls: • Corruption
Page 43 and 44: Potential Pitfalls: • Organized c
Page 45 and 46: Monitoring Protocols / Success Indi
Page 47 and 48: Potential Pitfalls: • Requires lo
Page 49 and 50: 3. Research and Information Needs D
Page 51 and 52: leopards. This reflects the fact th
Page 53 and 54: Case Studies Jennings, M. D. 2000.
Page 55 and 56: Potential Methods • Develop a sta
Page 57: Lynx lynx predation on semi-domesti
Page 61 and 62: Karanth, U. K. and J. Nichols. 2002
Page 63 and 64: officials. It will be necessary to
Page 65 and 66: B. Action Planning Assistance The A
Page 67 and 68: Literature cited Adil, A.W. 1997. S
Page 69 and 70: Jackson, R., G.G. Ahlborn, S. Ale,
Page 71 and 72: (Uncia uncia) population in the sou
Page 73 and 74: Lu Zhi China Yale Univ. School of F
Page 75 and 76: Biek, R and M. Poss. 2002. Using ph
Page 77 and 78: Arctic caribou herd (CAH) have been
Page 79 and 80: Fox, J. L. and R. M. Jackson. 2002.
Page 81 and 82: Harris, R. B., D. H. Pletscher, C.
Page 83 and 84: Jackson, R M. and J. Roe. 2002. Pre
Page 85 and 86: Karanth, K. U. and M. E. Sunquist.
Page 87 and 88: for 62% of the area in panther home
Page 89 and 90: deer migration. Observations of dee
Page 91 and 92: taxa. To prevent or mitigate future
Page 93 and 94: of infection and mortality in Afric
Page 95 and 96: National des Volcans in Rwanda. Two
Page 97 and 98: were post hoc and harvests were pro
Page 99 and 100: approximately 46% of estimates of i
Page 101 and 102: Solanki, G. S. and R. M. Naik. 1998
Page 103 and 104: The influence of sex, body weight,
Page 105 and 106: trophy management can contribute si
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