Snow Leopard Survival Strategy - Panthera

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majority of killings are motivated by the desire to protect livestock, although the skins and other parts of the snow leopards may still end up in trade. Conflicts between snow leopards and domestic herders in India, Pakistan, Mongolia and Nepal have been reported for decades and loss of stock to predators can have a significant impact on herders’ livelihoods. Snow Leopards are also killed primarily for profit, gained by selling the animals’ body parts, chiefly the skins. Such targeted killings for trade are particularly problematic in some of the Central Asian Republics, for example Kyrgyzstan, where illegal killings of snow leopards are said to have increased three- to four-fold since the early 1990s. Some trade in live snow leopards also still occasionally occurs. Killing and trade of snow leopards is illegal in almost all range States for the species, but there is clear evidence that there are problems in enforcing these laws designed to protect the species. Demand for snow leopard skins is at national and international levels. The report suggests recommendations for remedial actions to reduce the killing and trade of snow leopards. Trolle, M. and M. Kéry. 2003. Estimation of ocelot density in the Pantanal using capture-recapture analysis of camera-trapping data. Journal of Mammalogy 84(2):607-614. Neotropical felids such as the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) are secretive, and it is difficult to estimate their populations using conventional methods such as radiotelemetry or sign surveys. We show that recognition of individual ocelots from camera-trapping photographs is possible, and we use camera-trapping results combined with closed population capture–recapture models to estimate density of ocelots in the Brazilian Pantanal. We estimated the area from which animals were camera trapped at 17.71 km 2 . A model with constant capture probability yielded an estimate of 10 independent ocelots in our study area, which translates to a density of 2.82 independent individuals for every 5 km 2 (SE 1.00). Uphyrkina, O., D. Miquelle, H. Quigley, C. Driscoll, and S. J. O’Brien. 2002. Conservation genetics of the far eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). Journal of Heredity 93(5):303-311. The Far Eastern or Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) survives today as a tiny relict population of 25–40 individuals in the Russian Far East. The population descends from a 19th-century northeastern Asian subspecies whose range extended over southeastern Russia, the Korean peninsula, and northeastern China. A molecular genetic survey of nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation validates subspecies distinctiveness but also reveals a markedly reduced level of genetic variation. The amount of genetic diversity measured is the lowest among leopard subspecies and is comparable to the genetically depleted Florida panther and Asiatic lion populations. When considered in the context of nonphysiological perils that threaten small populations (e.g., chance mortality, poaching, climatic extremes, and infectious disease), the genetic and demographic data indicate a critically diminished wild population under severe threat of extinction. An established captive population of P. p. orientalis displays much higher diversity than the wild population sample, but nearly all captive individuals are derived from a history of genetic admixture with the adjacent Chinese subspecies, P. p. japonensis. The conservation management implications of potential restoration/augmentation of the wild population with immigrants from the captive population are discussed. Wambuguh O. 1998. Local communities and wildlife: a spatial analysis of human-wildlife interactions in Laikipia district, Kenya. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. In Kenya, demand for land has led to agricultural development in former wildlife areas, but benefits to landowners are minimized by the damage caused by wild animals. This study of human-wildlife interactions in Laikipia District seeks to determine 1) how wildlife and livestock interact, 2) how wildlife affects agriculture, 3) how landowners feel about biodiversity conservation, and 4) the best land use options for landowners that will conserve biodiversity. The analysis used existing models relating 1) annual precipitation to primary productivity and 2) herbivore body weights to daily dry matter offtake. Wildlife abundance was assessed twice by aerial censuses in 1996. Livestock numbers were obtained from interviews, questionnaires, and existing data. Existing models were used to assess land use potential for wildlife utilization, and a Geographic Information System was used to illustrate spatial patterns. Results indicate that 1) over half of Laikipia may be underutilized by herbivores; 2) small-scale farms suffer extensively from wildlife and may not be sustainable without a source of irrigated water; 3) landowners favored countering wildlife problems by gleaning benefits from wildlife utilization, being compensated for damage, and practicing animal control; and 4) the most economic land use alternatives compatible with conservation combine animal husbandry and wildlife utilization with little or no crops. Approaches to encourage biodiversity conservation include negotiating with landowners, promoting biodiversity education, developing local institutions, offering incentives, fostering derivation of tangible wildlife benefits, and incorporating adaptive management strategies. Wegge, P. 1997. Preliminary guidelines for sustainable use of wild caprins. Pages 365-372 in Shackleton, D. M. editor. Wild sheep and goats and their relatives. Status survey and conservation action plan for Caprinae. IUCN. Gland. Switzerland. Consumptive use through local subsistence and 102 | SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY
trophy management can contribute significantly to the conservation of wild caprin species. There are two main reasons for this; First, subsistence hunting may contribute to conservation because it meets traditional needs by local people. Alienating local communities from traditional resource use may otherwise lead to uncontrolled illegal harvesting and habitat deterioration. Second, trophy hunting, because of its unique customer base, may generate substantial revenues which can be used for local conservation purposes and local community benefits. At the same time, trophy hunting requires a high quality animal population base, which again is only maintained if habitats are maintained and other negative impact are closely controlled. Within limits set by ecological and demographic characteristics of the species and populations to be harvested, low level off-takes of 20 to 25 % of all trophy size males (usually
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Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Prod
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Country Strategies and Action Plans
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Foreword The range of Uncia uncia e
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Executive Summary I. SNOW LEOPARD:
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R.17 Livestock depredation causes R
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Other names: Ounce (English); panth
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There is little information on the
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Figure 1: Range wide model of poten
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shan in the extreme north of Qingha
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tial snow leopard habitat and offer
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political will for conservation sho
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significant loopholes: for example
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its prey species, such as the argal
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2. Threats and Conservation Actions
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homes and clothing in many parts of
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• Where possible, estimate carryi
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Monitoring Protocols / Success Indi
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Potential Pitfalls: • High logist
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Potential Pitfalls: • Corruption
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Potential Pitfalls: • Organized c
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Monitoring Protocols / Success Indi
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Potential Pitfalls: • Requires lo
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3. Research and Information Needs D
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leopards. This reflects the fact th
Page 53 and 54: Case Studies Jennings, M. D. 2000.
Page 55 and 56: Potential Methods • Develop a sta
Page 57 and 58: Lynx lynx predation on semi-domesti
Page 59 and 60: Stander, P. E., P. J. Haden, Kaqece
Page 61 and 62: Karanth, U. K. and J. Nichols. 2002
Page 63 and 64: officials. It will be necessary to
Page 65 and 66: B. Action Planning Assistance The A
Page 67 and 68: Literature cited Adil, A.W. 1997. S
Page 69 and 70: Jackson, R., G.G. Ahlborn, S. Ale,
Page 71 and 72: (Uncia uncia) population in the sou
Page 73 and 74: Lu Zhi China Yale Univ. School of F
Page 75 and 76: Biek, R and M. Poss. 2002. Using ph
Page 77 and 78: Arctic caribou herd (CAH) have been
Page 79 and 80: Fox, J. L. and R. M. Jackson. 2002.
Page 81 and 82: Harris, R. B., D. H. Pletscher, C.
Page 83 and 84: Jackson, R M. and J. Roe. 2002. Pre
Page 85 and 86: Karanth, K. U. and M. E. Sunquist.
Page 87 and 88: for 62% of the area in panther home
Page 89 and 90: deer migration. Observations of dee
Page 91 and 92: taxa. To prevent or mitigate future
Page 93 and 94: of infection and mortality in Afric
Page 95 and 96: National des Volcans in Rwanda. Two
Page 97 and 98: were post hoc and harvests were pro
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Page 101 and 102: Solanki, G. S. and R. M. Naik. 1998
Page 103: The influence of sex, body weight,
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Snow Leopard Survival Strategy - Panthera

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