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48 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL translational problem as “very dubious.” 12 Moffatt (a vigorous late date advocate) discounts the supposed problem with just one sentence, stating that the proposed revisions are “ingenious but quite unconvincing. ” 13 According to Barnes, Chapman “is frankly contemptuous” against the proposed reconstruction of Irenaeus.’4 There are, however, a number of noted scholars who have disputed various parts of the common translation. Among these are J. J. Wetstein, M. J. Bovan, S. H. Chase, E. Bohmer, James M. Macdonald, Henry Hammond, F. J. A. Hort, Edward C. Selwyn, George Edmundson, Arthur S. Barnes, and J. J. Scott. 15 Three of the major problems with the generally accepted translation will be dealt with below: (1) The referent of &opc@s (“was seen”). (2) The significance of the time reference: OW yelp IZpO noflofi ~c5vov &.)pcWq, &U& c@dv km’ zijg rjpsrkpa< y&v@ (“no long time ago was it seen, but almost in our own time”). (3) The overall internal confusion in Irenaeus suggested by the incompatibility of Irenaeus’s statements on Revelation. 16 Indisputably, the most serious potential objection to the common translation has to do with the understanding of &upcMq, “was seen. ” What is the subject of this verb? Is it “him who saw the Apocalypse” 12. Robinson, Redating, p. 221. 13. James Moffatt, The Revelatwn of St. John the Divine, in W. R. Nicoll, cd., Englishman’s Greek Z2darnent, vol. 5 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, rep. 1980), p. 319. 14. Arthur Stapylton Barnes, Christiani~ at Rome in & Apostolti Age (Westport, CT Greenwood, [1938] 1971 ), p. 167n. 15. J. J. Wetstein, Nouurn Testarmmtum Graecum, vol. 2 ( 1751), p. 746. M. J. Bovan, Revue de Thologie et de Phikmophti (Lausanne: 1887). S. H. Chase, “The Date of the Apocalypse The Evidence of Irenaeus,” Journal of Thedogizal Studies 8 (1907): 431-434. Hort noted the significance of this articlq see Henry Barclay Swete, hmnenta~ on Revelation (Grand Rapids: Kregel, [1906] 1977), p. cvi. E. Bohmer, Uber Urfm$er und Abfasungszeit des Apoka~pse, pp. 30tY; cited in Moffatt, Revelation, p. 505. James M. Macdonald, The Lzji and Writings of St. John (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1877), pp. 169ff. Henry Hammond, A Paraphrase and Annotations Upon thz New Totarnent, 4th ed. (London: 1653), p. 857; cited in Peake, Revelation, p. 74n. Edward C. Selwyn, 77u Christian ProphetJ ad the Prophetic Apoca~pse (London: Macmillan, 1900). George Edmundson, The Church in Rome sn the Fird Cm.tuU (London: Longmans, Green, 1913). Barnes, C/srsNianity at Rime, pp. 167ff. Barnes cites also Sanday, from his Preface to F. J. A. Hort, The Apoca~pse of St. John: I-III, and Hilgenfeld as adherents to this view. J. J. Scott, The Apouz~pse, or Reoelution of S. John the Diuine (London: John Murray, 1909), p. 154. 16. There is another area where some scholars have deemed there to be a problem with the common interpretation of Irenaeus’s statement. Taking the lead of Guericke, a
Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyn.s 49 (i.e., John) or “the Apocalypse”? Which of these two antecedents “was seen” “almost” in Irenaeus’s time and near “the end of the reign of Domitian”? Swete records for us a significant observation from master expositor F. J. A. Hort: “Dr. Hort, it appears, in his lectures on the Apocalypse referred to an article by M. J. Bovan in the Revue de Theologie et de Philosophti (Lausanne, 1887), in which it was suggested that the subject of&opa@ in Iren. v. 30.3 is not rj &IoKcLhxpzc but d njv &ioKciJvyw $opaK6ro
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BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL
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BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Dating the Bo
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Dedicated to Dr. Greg L. Bahnsen wh
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Publisher’s Pre
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PUBLISHER’S PREFACE by Gary North
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Publish/s Preface xi of Revelation.
Page 13 and 14: Publisher’s Preface . . . X111 Po
Page 15 and 16: Publisher’s Preface xv Th Beret o
Page 17 and 18: I . . . Xvlll BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL
Page 19 and 20: PART 1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Page 21 and 22: 4 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Thus, both
Page 23 and 24: 6 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Regarding t
Page 25 and 26: 8 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL noted a qua
Page 27 and 28: 10 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL in 1910 th
Page 29 and 30: 12 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL all, as Re
Page 31 and 32: 14 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Milo Conni
Page 33 and 34: I 16 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL In the s
Page 35 and 36: 18 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL the two ge
Page 37 and 38: 20 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Regarding
Page 39 and 40: 22 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL conviction
Page 41 and 42: 24 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL to exclude
Page 43 and 44: 26 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL The proble
Page 45 and 46: 28 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL was in tur
Page 47 and 48: 30 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Source Doc
Page 49 and 50: 32 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Heinrich B
Page 51 and 52: 34 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Hermann Ge
Page 53 and 54: 36 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL James M. M
Page 55 and 56: 38 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Moses Stua
Page 57 and 58: 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE EXTERNAL EVID
Page 59 and 60: Introduction to the External Eviden
Page 61 and 62: 4 IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS As we b
Page 63: Irenaas, Btihop of Lyons 47 nounced
Page 67 and 68: Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons 51 have b
Page 69 and 70: along the lines of Chase’s: Irena
Page 71 and 72: Irenaeu.s, Bishop ofLpns 55 accept
Page 73 and 74: Irenaeu-s, Bishop of Lyons 57 tian
Page 75 and 76: Irenaeus, Bishop of Lpn.s 59 rule.
Page 77 and 78: Irenaew, Bishop of Lyon.s 61 narrat
Page 79 and 80: Irenaeus, Bishop of Lpns 63 accept
Page 81 and 82: Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons 65 upon t
Page 83 and 84: Ireruzeus, Bishop of Lpns 67 John c
Page 85 and 86: Clement of Alexandria 69 ~17E161j y
Page 87 and 88: Clement of Alexandria 71 In the Syr
Page 89 and 90: Clement of Alexandria 73 which lay
Page 91 and 92: Clement of Alexandria 75 Another pa
Page 93 and 94: Clcm.ent of Alexandria 77 Book 8 of
Page 95 and 96: Clement of Alexandria 79 that he wa
Page 97 and 98: Clement of Alexandria 81 now as the
Page 99 and 100: Clement of Alexandria 83 of Christ,
Page 101 and 102: Clemwn.t of Alexandria 85 here at M
Page 103 and 104: Additional Extend Witnases 87 he ac
Page 105 and 106: Additional External Witnases 89 Wit
Page 107 and 108: Additional External Witnesses 91 mo
Page 109 and 110: Additional External Witnesses 93 Wi
Page 111 and 112: Additional Ext+mal Witnesses 95 als
Page 113 and 114: Additional External Witnesses 97 vi
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Additional External Witnesses 99 St
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Additional External Witnesses 101 I
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Additional Ex.%mnal Witnesses 103 p
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Additional External Witwsses 105 It
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Additional External Witnesses 107 R
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Additional External Witnesses 109 a
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7 THE ROLE OF INTERNAL EVIDENCE We
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The Role of Intemtal Euiderwe 115 l
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Tb Role of Internal Euidence 117 an
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The Role of Internal Evio%nce 119 t
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8 THE THEME OF REVELATION Although
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Tb Theme of Revelation 123 import i
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The Theme ofl?evelation 125 you als
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Tb Th of Revelation 127 Clearly, th
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Tb Thm of Rmelatwn 129 And in this
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The Thaw of Revelation 131 substanc
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9 THE TEMPORAL EXPECTATION OF THE A
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Inadequate Views Tb Tmporal Expecta
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The Tm.oral Expectation of the Auth
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The Temporal Expectation of the Aut
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Tb Temporal Expectation of the Auth
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Th Tmporal Expectation of tlu Autho
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Th Tmporal Expectation of the Autho
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Th ldenti~ of th Sixth King 147 in
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Th Identi~ of th Sixth King 149 req
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Th Identi@ of th Sixth King 151 he
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The Identip of th Sixth King 153 Ga
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The Idh.tip of the Sixth King 155 t
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The Identip of the Sixth King 157 T
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Th Identip of the Sixth King 159 by
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The ldenti~ of tb Sixth King 161 to
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164 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL is plain
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166 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL diced min
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168 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL proceedin
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170 BEFORE JERUSAI.EM 1111.1, often
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172 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL written (
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174 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL how could
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176 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL sword, an
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178 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL effective
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180 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL tion. In
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182 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL cal New T
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184 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL “Moreov
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186 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL because t
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188 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL updated b
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190 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL have seen
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192 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Ttw Const
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194 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL bets can
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196 13 E~0RE JERUSAI.EM ~E1.1, hers
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198 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL reading o
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200 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Although
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202 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL copies of
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204 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL ure . . .
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206 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Still fur
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208 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL aware who
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210 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL a major s
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212 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL The audie
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214 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL hides of
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216 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL old skin.
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218 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL anceand t
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13 THE ROLE OF JEWISH CHRISTIANITY
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222 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL The Jewis
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224 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL forty-fou
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226 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL It should
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228 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL heshould
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230 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL In an int
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14 THE LOOMINGJEWISH WAR As we pres
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234 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL saved thr
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236 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL before th
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238 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL maus, and
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240 ‘BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL that t
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242 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL a war at
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244 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL us that t
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246 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL (KJV: one
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248 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL ministry
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250 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL anarchy a
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252 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL but, like
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254 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL And there
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256 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL find not
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15 INTRODUCTION TO DOMITIANIC EVIDE
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16 THE ROLE OF EMPEROR WORSHIP As w
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2% Role of Emperor Worship 263 unde
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The Role of Emperor Worship 265 in
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T/w Role of Emperor Worship 267 wes
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Tb Role of Emperor Worship 269 [Gre
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T7w Role of Emperor Worship 271 onw
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The Role of Emperor Worship 273 of
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The Role of Emperor Worship 275 tha
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The Role of Emperor Worship 277 As
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Th Role of Emperor Worship 279 comm
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11.e Role of Emperor Worship 281 fo
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The Role of Emperor Worship 283 But
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17 THE PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANITY
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% Persecution of Chtitiani~ 287 dat
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Th Persecution of Christianip 289
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Th Persecution of Chri.rtianip 291
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The Persecution of Chri.stianip 293
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Th Persecution of Christianip 295 g
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The Persecution of Christianip 297
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The Perstzution of Christiani~ 299
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The Nero Redivivus Myth 301 explici
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T/w Nero Redivivus Myth 303 throne
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The Nero Redivivus Myth 305 the Ner
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Tk Nero Redivivus Myth 307 the East
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Th Nero Redivivus Myth 309 Nero’s
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Tb Nero Redivivus Myth 311 resolvin
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T/w Nero Redivivus Myth 313 Althoug
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Th Nero Redivivus Myth 315 authorit
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The Nero Redivivus Myth 317 made fo
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The Condition of the Sewn Churches
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Th Condition of the Seven Churches
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The Condition oj_ the Seven Churche
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The Condition of th Seven Churches
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Th Condition of the Seven Churches
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The Condition of the Seuen Churches
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PART V CONCLUSION
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334 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL A Summati
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336 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL indicator
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APPENDIX A RESPONSE TO HOUSE AND IC
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A Res~ome to House and Ice 341 tion
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A Response to Howe and Ice 343 What
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A Response to Home and Ice 345 of A
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A Response to Howe and Ice 347 then
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A Response to House and Ice 349 wri
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A Response to House and Ice 351 Chr
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A Response to House and Ice 353 Con
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356 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Commenta~
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358 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Approach
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360 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Doubleday
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362 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Bigg, Cha
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364 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Farrar, F
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366 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL House, H.
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368 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Baker, (1
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370 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Church, (
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372 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Terry, Mi
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SELECT BIBLIOGl&+PHY II: ANCIENT WR
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376 BEFORE JERUSALEM FELL Hermas. T
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15:17 35:22 46:8 49 Exodus 1:1 13:2
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Scripture Ina!ex 381 242-34 351 242
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Scri.ture Index 615 616 E#winns 2:6
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Scripture In&x 385 11:3 11:8 11:9 1
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MODERN AUTHORS INDEX Abauzi~ F-in,
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Mods-n Authors Index Edersheim, Alf
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Moohn Authors Ind?x 391 Lane, Willi
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Modern Authors Index 393 Schurer, E
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ANCIENT AUTHORS INDEX Africsmss, Ju
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SUBJECT INDEX Abaddon, 210. Abomina
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Subject Ihx 399 Circumcision, 212,2
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Hail(stones), 245-246. Hadrian (emp
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Subject Index 403 John the Baptist,
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Sulject Index 405 rabbis regarding,
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Subject Index 407 city, 66, 72, 75,
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Subject Index 409 Jewish, 127-] 28,
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