Chitosan Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Gliclazide - Journal

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DISCUSSION The ability of Mimosa pudica to reduce the number of animals exhibiting diarrhoea and the number of diarrhoeal episodes is 12 taken as an antidiarrhoeal activity . Castor oil, an irritant or stimulant laxative, is hydrolysed in the upper small intestine to ricinoleic acid, a local irritant, that irritates the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract resulting in increase in intestinal 13 motility . Nitric acid mechanism has also been shown to be involved in castor oilinduced diarrhoea. The data obtained in the present study show that loperamide, a standard antidiarrhoeal agent, profoundly inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhoea and also inhibited in rats. Loperamide, an opioid derivative, has been shown to slow intestinal motility by its action on µ receptors on neurons in the submucosal neural plexus of the intestinal wall and its anti-muscarinic activity in 13 the gastrointestinal tract . It is not surprising, therefore, that loperamide protected rats against castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Mimosa pudica significantly reduced the number of animals exhibiting diarrhoea and the number of diarrhoeal episodes and also inhibited the intestinal propulsion of charcoal meal in the present study. It is probable that the plant extract may be exerting its antidiarrhoeal activity by slowing intestinal motility. The extract significantly inhibited the PGE 2 induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling). PGE 2 also inhibit the absorption of glucose, a major stimulus 14 to intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes . These observations tend to suggest that extract reduced diarrhoea by inhibiting PGE 2 induced intestinal accumulation of fluid. The extracts appear to act on all parts of intestine. Thus, it decreased the intestinal propulsive movement in charcoal meal test. The mechanism of this inhibition of motility may be due to the non-specific spasmolytic activity of the extract. Furthermore, the standard chemical tests carried out in this study showed that the leaves of the plant species contain tannins, saponins particularly steroidal saponin, and flavonoids. It is pertinent to note that tannins have been 15 reported in several studies to have antidiarrhoeal effect . The previous study reported that tannin containing drugs are widely used for the treatment of diarrhoea and related 16 disorders . In view of the above publications, it is, therefore, not surprising that the standard chemical tests in this study, showed the presence of tannins in Mimosa pudica which also may probably contribute to its antidiarrhoeal activity. CONCLUSION Md. Saifuddin Khalid et al./ Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Aqueous Extract of Mimosa Pudica Leaves On the basis of the present results and available reports, it can be concluded that the anti-diarrhoeal activity elucidated by aqueous extract of Mimosa pudica leaves could be mainly due to its inhibitory effect both on gastrointestinal propulsion and fluid secretion. The inhibitory effect of the extracts justifies the use of the plant as a non-specific anti-diarrhoeal agent in folk medicine. 140 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to Dr. P. G. Diwakar, joint director, botanical survey of India, Pune, for identification and authentication of plant, Dr. S.K. Srinivasan, VP (Tech), Lake chemical Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, for gifting the Loperamide drug, Management Dr. Abdul Mujeeb, Chairman, College Governing Council, Luqman College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga for providing me all facilities, throughout the research work. REFERENCES 1. Farthing M J. Diarrhoea: a significantworldwide problem. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2000;14: 65–9. 2. Fauci AS, Bravnwold E, Isselpacker K, Wilson JD, Kasper DL, Hauser SL et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine New York: McGraw Hill Company;1993;1: 236. 3. Webpage by Lynh-Diem Bui- Mimosa pudica. rd 4. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. 3 Edition 2002;1: 1280-3. 5. India herbs – Ancient Remedies for Modern Times: Ayur State, Doctor approved formula for prostate care. th 6. Kokate CK, Purohit AP and Gokhale SB. pharmacognosy. 14 ed. Nirali prakashan; 2007: 297. 7. Khandelwal, K.R. Practical Pharmacognosy, 11th ed. Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 2004:149-56. 8. Veeraraghavan, Prema. Expert Consultant, CPCSEA, OECD Guideline No.420, 2000. 9. Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Lenaerts FM, Janssen PAJ. J of Pharm Pharmacol 1978;30: 41. 10. Mukherjee PK, Das J, Balasubramanian R, Sahakakali, Pal M, Saha BP. Indian J Pharmacol 1995;27:262. 11. Pazhani GP, Subramanian N, Arunchalam G, Hemalatha S, Ravichandran V. Indian Drugs 2001;38:269. 12. Williamson EM, Okpako DT, Evans FJ. Pharmacological Methods in Phytotherapy Research: Selection, Preparation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Material 1996; 1: 25–28. 13. Altman DF. Drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases. In: Katzung, B.G. (Ed.),Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 18th ed. McGraw-Hill, San Francisco; 2001:1070-1. 14. Capasso F, Mascolo N, Izzo AA, Gaginella TS. Dissociation of castor oilinduced diarrhoea and intestinal mucosal injury in rat: effect of NGnitro-Larginine methyl ester. British J of Pharmacol 1994;113: 1127- 30. 15. Jaffe BM. Prostaglandins and serotonin: Nonpeptide diarrhoeogenic hormones. World J Surg 1979; 3: 565-78. Address for Correspondence Md. Saifuddin Khalid, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Luqman College of Pharmacy, Old Jewargi Road, Gulbarga-585 102, Karnataka, India. Email: khalid2568@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T RGUHS Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assessment of Various Combination of Drugs Used in Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection 3 1 2 1 Imran Ahmad Khan* , Shobha Rani RH , Geeta S and Mahvash Iram 1 Department of Pharmacy practice, Al-Ameen college of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560027 2 Department of medicine, St. Martha's Hospital, Bangalore – 560001 3 Biocon India Ltd, Bangalore - 560100 Both macrolides as well as cephalosporins are widely used in the treatment of various lower respiratory tract infections either alone or in combination. The most commonly prescribed macrolide is azithromycin, generally in combination with different cephalosporins. Thus arises the need to evaluate different combinations of azithromycin and cephalosporins generally prescribed and to compare their efficacy, safety (adverse drug reactions) as well as cost. A prospective study was conducted in the medicine ward at St. Martha's Hospital, Bangalore. Efficacy was determined based upon the clinical response (reduction in symptoms) and length of hospital stay. Safety was assessed by the occurrence of ADR and their severity. Cost of treatment was calculated by cost effective analysis. Data of 88 patients was analyzed and it was observed that different combinations prescribed were azithromycin + cefotaxime, azithromycin + ceftriaxone and azithromycin + cefuroxime. The most commonly prescribed combination was found to be azithromycin with cefotaxime and it showed statistically significant difference in the reduction of clinical symptoms thereby indicating greater efficacy. 18% of the patients experienced ADRs which were mild in nature with none severe representing that all the combinations were safe. The cost effective analysis revealed that combination of azithromycin and cefotaxime was most economical. Keywords: Lower respiratory tract infection, Azithromycin, Cephalosporins, Combination INTRODUCTION Infections of the respiratory tract are very common due to the air pollution; especially those affecting the upper tract. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are usually caused by viruses and are rarely serious. They include common cold, tonsillitis, sore throat, sinusitis, laryngitis and croup. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are usually more serious since they affect the breathing tubes (trachea and bronchi) and the lungs. Bronchitis, acute bronchiolitis and pneumonia are the various types of LRTI. Most upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Each time when a person gets cold it is caused by a slightly different virus, and once it is fought off, body acquires immunity (resistance) to that particular virus. Lower respiratory tract infections are caused by both viruses and bacteria. Infection may begin with a virus, but if bacteria get into the lower respiratory tract, then it can cause more serious problems. LRTIs are more common in people with a weak immune system, such as geriatrics and those receiving 1 immunosuppressive treatment; for example, cancer patients . RGUHS Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Received: 21/6/2011, Modified: 12/7/2011, Accepted: 1/8/2011 141 Original Research Article Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are very common in the community and are one of the major reasons for 2 appointments to primary care physicians. The broad diagnosis of RTI includes the two principal sub-diagnoses of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and upper respiratory 3 tract infection (URTI) . Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection is a common cause of acute illness in adults. The spectrum of disease ranges from mild mucosal colonization or infection, to acute bronchitis or acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to overwhelming parenchymal infection in patients with community-acquired 4 pneumonia (CAP) . The term LRTI includes a wide range of diseases which have different underlying pathologies and 5,6 etiologies, e.g. acute bronchitis and pneumonia . In the outpatient setting, LRTI accounts for the majority of all antibiotics prescribed, burdening healthcare budgets. In most of the adults with LRTI, the illness is self-limiting and its course will not be modified by antibiotic therapy, representing viral or clinically non-relevant bacterial diseases. However, failure to initiate an antibiotic therapy within four hours in cases of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated 7 with an increased mortality rate. The major problem in the management of the LRTI is the inability to determine the 8 causative micro-organism in the majority of patients. RJPS, Jul - Sep, 2011/ Vol 1/ Issue 2
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