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Glossary of terms • Fault Scenario: A particular failure of the system. In this thesis, it is characterized by the system data that is logged at the moment a failure occurs, in addition with the actual broken component. • Field Replaceable Unit (FRU): a component of a system that can be replaced by a substitute. • Field Service mode: special use of the system, especially made for diagnosing it. • First Principles: a set of cause-to-effect relations between system parameters. • Flat Detector (FD): a device to measure the presence and amount of x-ray. • Frontal Stand: the mechanical body that has the collimator and flat detector on its far ends. It can be positioned relative to the patient in order to transmit X-ray through the patient. • Geometry: a subsystem of the Philips Cardio-Vascular X-Ray System, as defined by [16], that is responsible for mechanical movements of the system. It consists of mechanics as well as the related hardware and software components. • Granularity: level of abstraction and detail. • Health variable: state of the system, either healthy or unhealthy. • Health vector: vector with the health variables of all components in the target system as elements. • Human inference: the activity of humans to use their knowledge about nominal and faulty system behavior to reason about possibly faulty components. • Job sheet: a document type within PMS C/V in which a service engineer documents on the history of diagnosis and repair of a particular system. • Junction movement: see beam propeller movement. • Log data (log/logging): system data in the form of a digital file that consists of data that a system produces during real-time operation. • LUC: Local Universal Controller. This is dedicated hardware unit that implements the generic part of a controller for mechanical movements. • LUC Extension (Ext): Extension of a Local Universal Controller. This is a dedicated hardware unit that implements the part of the controller of a mechanical movement that is specific for that particular movement. • Look-Up Table (LUT): a table that defines a mapping between symptoms and consistent diagnoses. • LYDIA (Language for sYstem DIAgnosis): a language for specifying the model for MBD, developed at Delft University of Technology. • Mode of Operation: a state of a component in which it obeys an unique behavioral rule. • Mode Catalog: a table that specifies all possible observations for each health vector, and can be derived from a consistency-based model of a system. 80
Glossary of terms • Model: an abstract representation of a system from a particular viewpoint, chosen by the modeler (in this thesis, the model can be both written down on some medium, or could remain only in the knowledge of an individual). • Model-Based Diagnosis (MBD): a reasoning technique to isolate root causes of failures, that uses a clearly separated model of a system. • Modality: diagnostic equipment that uses a medical imaging technique, such as X-ray, Nuclear Medicine, ultrasound and MRI. • Motor/Brake Unit (MBU): FRU of Philips C/V X-Ray System. This component consists of a motor and a brake. The motor is the actuator of the mechanical movement of the frontal stand. • Motor Voltage Regulator (MVR): hardware unit that controls the current and voltage towards the motor. • Nominal behavior: the intended behavior of the system. • Observability: the extent to which internal states of a system can be inferred by knowledge of its external outputs. • Observable: a property of the system that can be observed. • Online inference: the MBD model is solved for h, using realtime observations, at the moment fault diagnosis is performed. • Off-line inference: the MBD model is solved for h, using expected observations, priori to the moment that fault diagnosis is performed. • PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect. This is the most common I/O bus in use today. It provides a shared data path between a number of peripheral controllers in an embedded system. • Philips: One of the world’s biggest electronics companies (Royal Philips Electronics). • Philips Cardio-Vascular X-Ray System: the Cardio-Vascular X-Ray System that is developed and serviced by Philips Medical Systems. • Philips Medical Systems (PMS): a subsidiary of Philips that develops, sales and services a wide range of medical systems. • Power-On-Self-Test (POST): a test of one FRU that is automatically performed at startup. • Potentiometer: component of the Philips C/V X-Ray System (not a FRU), used as a position sensor for various mechanical movements. • Potmeter/Encoder Unit (PEU): FRU of Philips C/V X-Ray System that consists of a Potentiometer and an encoder. ] • Power Distribution Unit (PDU): most important power supply of the Philips C/V X-Ray System. This FRU is used in the power supply example; it provides voltage. 81
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Automated Fault Diagnosis at Philip
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© 2006 W.M. Lindhoud. Document gen
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Preface The work presented in this
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CONTENTS 4.4 Modeling . . . . . . .
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List of Tables 3.1 Evaluation appro
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1.1 Fault Diagnosis Introduction Fi
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1.2 Automated Fault Diagnosis Intro
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1.5 Outline of the Thesis Introduct
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Chapter 2 State-of-the-Practice Fau
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State-of-the-Practice Fault diagnos
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Chapter 3 Automated Fault Diagnosis
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Automated Fault Diagnosis 3.1 Overv
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Automated Fault Diagnosis 3.3 Off-l
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Page 48 and 49: 4.1 Fundamentals Model-Based Fault
Page 50 and 51: 4.2 Model-Based Diagnosis with LYDI
Page 52 and 53: 4.3 Basic Assumptions Model-Based F
Page 54 and 55: 4.4 Modeling Model-Based Fault Diag
Page 56 and 57: 4.4 Modeling Model-Based Fault Diag
Page 58 and 59: 4.5 Entropy Gain Model-Based Fault
Page 60 and 61: 4.6 MBD on the Power Supply Model-B
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 5 Diagnosing the Beam Prope
Page 65 and 66: Diagnosing the Beam Propeller Movem
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 85: Conclusions and Recommendations 6.2
Page 88 and 89: BIBLIOGRAPHY [12] Johan de Kleer an
Page 91 and 92: Appendix A Glossary of terms In thi
Page 93: Glossary of terms • Diagnostic Pe
Page 97: Glossary of terms • System: an en
Page 100 and 101: B.2 System Data Case Study Details
Page 102 and 103: B.4 Full List of Examined Fault Sce
Page 104 and 105: B.5 Discretization of Implementatio
Page 106 and 107: C.1 The Synthetic Models that are U
Page 108 and 109: C.2 Model of the Power Supply Examp
Page 114 and 115: C.3 The Models Constructed for the
Page 131 and 132: Appendix D State-of-the-Future Faul
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