Crisman Annual Report 2009 - Harold Vance Department of ...

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Application of Adaptive Gridding and Upscaling for Improved Tight Gas Reservoir Simulation Objectives The objective of this research is to improve the flow simulation of tight gas reservoirs through the application of unstructured upscaling of detailed 3D geo-cellular models. The techniques are designed to preserve the high resolution well productivity and connectivity of the reservoir description while at the same time reducing the cost of the reservoir simulation computation. Accomplishments We have completed the conversion of the tight gas Eclipse field model (made available to us through an MCERI project) to the VIP and Nexus simulators. We have provided our own high resolution transmissibility upscaling algorithms for simple grid coarsening geometries as a pre-requisite to more difficult upscaling problems. We have also compared our transmissibility upscaling algorithms with the VIP and Nexus simulators’ cell property-based upscaling, to determine under what circumstances the high resolution algorithms provide better flow characterization. Detailed View of the High Resolution 375 Layer 3D Geologic Model, giving a better perspective of the variation of sand thickness associated with the individual simulation layers. Future Work We will work on the understanding of VIP/Nexus’s underlying theory for the upscaling, and replace its upscaled properties (transmissibility and well index) with our own upscaled properties to get more accurate results. Medium Resolution 75 Layer 3D Geologic Model of the 10 x 10 x 375 test volume of a Tight Gas Reservoir. This model was developed using the VIP simulator’s built-in grid and property coarsening algorithms, here for 1 x 1 x 5 coarsening. Our research project will provide improved coarsened representations of the fine scale reservoir model that better preserve the reservoir connectivity and properties. CRISMAN INSTITUTE High Resolution 375 Layer 3D Geologic Model of a 10 x 10 test area of a Tight Gas Reservoir. This model shows the intermittent connectivity associated with the fluvial nature of these reservoirs. Project Information 3.1.22 Application of Adaptive Gridding and Upscaling for Improved Tight Gas Reservoir Simulation Contacts Michael King 979.845.1488 mike.king@pe.tamu.edu Yijie Zhou Crisman Annual Report 2009 71
Measurement and Correlation of Gas Viscosities at High Pressures and High Temperatures Introduction High-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) gas reservoirs are defined as having pressures greater than 10,000 psia and temperatures over 300°F. Modeling the performance of these reservoirs requires the understanding of gas behavior at elevated pressure and temperature. An important fluid property is gas viscosity, as it is used to model the gas mobility in the reservoir and can have a significant impact on reserves estimation during field development planning. Accurate measurements of gas viscosity at HPHT conditions are both extremely difficult and expensive, thus this fluid property is typically estimated from published correlations based on laboratory data. Unfortunately, the correlations available today do not have a sufficiently broad range of applicability in terms of pressure and temperature, so their accuracy may be doubtful for the prediction of gas viscosity at HPHT conditions. Objectives This project will review the databases of hydrocarbon gas viscosity that are available in the public domain, and discuss the validity of published gas viscosity correlations based on their applicability range. Approach A falling body viscometer was used to measure the HPHT gas viscosity in the laboratory. This system is very common for the measurement of liquid viscosity and, in some specific circumstances (lubrication or small percentage of liquid phase), can also measure low viscosities. The decision to use such a viscometer was based on the consideration that it is the only device built to withstand extreme high pressure at an acceptable cost. The instrument was calibrated with nitrogen and then, to represent reservoir gas behavior more faithfully, pure methane was used. The subsequently measured data, recorded over a wide range of pressure and temperature, was then used to evaluate the reliability of the most commonly used correlations in the petroleum industry. The results of the comparison suggest that at pressures higher than 8000 psia, the laboratory measurements drift from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) values by up to 7.48%. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of gas viscosity estimation errors on the overall gas recovery from a synthetic HPHT reservoir, using numerical reservoir simulations. The result shows that a -10% error in gas viscosity can produce an 8.22% error in estimated cumulative gas production, and a +10% error in gas viscosity can lead to a 5.5% error in cumulative production. Significance The preliminary results indicate that the accuracy of gas viscosity estimation can have a significant impact on reserves evaluation. Future Work This project has led to the following conclusions: » Accurate measurements of natural gas viscosity under HPHT conditions are yet to be obtained, » Gas viscosity correlations derived from data obtained at low to moderate pressures and temperatures cannot be confidently extrapolated to HPHT conditions, » Gas viscosity correlations currently available to the petroleum industry were derived from data obtained with limited impurities, and so their accuracy for use with gases containing large quantities of impurities is unknown, » Laboratory investigations performed using nitrogen showed a consistently negative error when compared to the NIST reported values. Preliminary results stress the importance of obtaining an exhaustive range of measurements of the viscosity of natural gases under HPHT conditions in order to ensure better reserves estimations. To this aim, further tests are ongoing. Project Information 3.2.4 Measurement and Correlation of Gas Viscosities at High Pressures and High Temperatures Contacts Gioia Falcone 979.847.8912 gioia.falcone@pe.tamu.edu Catalin Teodoriu catalin.teodoriu@pe.tamu.edu Ehsan Davani CRISMAN INSTITUTE 72 Crisman Annual Report 2009
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleu
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Issue 3, February 2010 Stephen A. H
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Combustion Assisted Gravity Drainag
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6 Crisman Annual Report 2009
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Summary The Crisman Institute has t
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Membership History The Crisman Inst
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12 Crisman Annual Report 2009
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An Advisory System for Selecting Dr
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A procedure to measure the viscosit
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PRISE - Petroleum Resource Investig
Page 21 and 22: Gas Shales Simulation and Productio
Page 23 and 24: Characterization of Rock Transport
Page 25 and 26: An Analytical Approach to Model Sha
Page 27 and 28: P90 P50 P10 Fig. 3. P10, P50 and P9
Page 29 and 30: Density distribution from heat tran
Page 31 and 32: Experimental and Simulation Modelin
Page 33 and 34: Fig. 1. Set up of displacement appa
Page 35 and 36: Study of Solvent-Based Emulsion Inj
Page 37 and 38: Investigation of Hybrid Steam-Solve
Page 39 and 40: Experimental Studies of Steam Injec
Page 41 and 42: Combustion Assisted Gravity Drainag
Page 43 and 44: Well Spacing and Infill Drilling in
Page 45 and 46: Experimental and Numerical Simulati
Page 47 and 48: Enhanced Oil Recovery of Viscous Oi
Page 49 and 50: Alternate Power and Energy Storage/
Page 51 and 52: Propagation of Induced Hydraulic Fr
Page 53 and 54: » Use forward modeling of wellbore
Page 55 and 56: Decision Matrix for Liquid Loading
Page 57 and 58: fractions involved, a detailed sens
Page 59 and 60: Transient Multiphase Sand Transport
Page 61 and 62: Carbonate Heterogeneity and Acid Fr
Page 63 and 64: Fracture Aperture Variation Caused
Page 65 and 66: that contained 12 wt% HCl showed th
Page 67 and 68: Evaluation of Polymer-Based In-Situ
Page 69 and 70: Modeling of Discrete Fracture Netwo
Page 71: Thermo-Poroelastic Finite Element A
Page 75 and 76: The falling body viscometer is sele
Page 77 and 78: Fracture permeability (md) 12 10 8
Page 79 and 80: CO 2 Mobility Control using Cross-L
Page 81 and 82: (a) Standard EnKF for permeability
Page 83 and 84: Aquifer Management for CO 2 Sequest
Page 85 and 86: Bibliography List of Theses and Dis
Page 87 and 88: » Florence, Francois; Validation/E
Page 89 and 90: » Diyashev, Ildar; Problems of Flu
Page 91 and 92: » Freeman, C.M., Ilk, D., Moridis,
Page 93 and 94: and Catalyst. Paper presented at th
Page 95: Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 24-
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