Botryodiplodia sp. - Crops for the Future

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3.2 Climate The climate of Sri Lanka is tropical with different precipitation rates which accrue due to the effects of the monsoons. While the southwest of the country is humid with two precipitation maxima in May and October, the southeast monsoon brings only little rainfall on the northeast and east coast because this area is in the lee of the central mountains. In these areas most precipitation falls due to the northeast monsoon in November and December. The mean annual temperature is 22.2 °C in Kandy, 27.8 °C in Colombo and 33 °C in Tricomalee. The natural vegetation of Sri Lanka varies according to climatic zone and elevation. Dense evergreen rain forests are found in the south-western lowlands. In the central highlands, evergreen mountain forests are interspersed with grasslands. The drier evergreen forests in the north and east contain trees such as ebony and satinwood. Thorn forests and drought-resistant shrubs prevail in the driest areas. Along the coast, mangrove forests border lagoons and river estuaries. 3.3 Socio-economics The population of Sri Lanka is about 20 million (AUSWAERTIGES AMT, 2007) and ethnically heterogeneous. 74.6 % of the population are Singhalese, 18.1 % are Tamil, 7 % are Arabians and 0.3 % are others. The Tamils were deployed from the British during the colonial time mainly as workers at tea plantations or as workers in the administration which led to a favouritism of the Tamil population compared to the Singhalese population. This caused, after the independency of the country in 1948, great antipathies between the two population groups, whereupon the Tamil population of the north and the east tried first peacefully then with force of arms to create their own state. This was the beginning of the civil war which still is a continuous armed conflict. Sri Lanka is also a country of religious diversity. Most of the population are Buddhists (69.3 %) which are mainly Singhalese people. 15.5 % are Hindus where most of them are Tamil people followed by Christians (Singhalese and Tamils) with 7.6 % of the population and last Muslims with 7.5 %. According to the AUSWAERTIGE AMT (2007) the economy of Sri Lanka has risen in the year 2005 about a value of 5.3 % and for the year 2006 again a high economic growth was expected. The economical development of the country shows high regional differences. The 8
economic centre is the region around Colombo which achieves nearly half of the total economic performance. The economic change of structure shows that the agricultural sector (tea, rubber and coconut) was dominating once, but at present only makes up 18 % of the economical overall performance. 26 % are contributing by industry, especially the textile sector. The service sector makes up 55 % of the economical performance especially the tourist sector. In the agricultural sector the tea industry has a special relevance. The exports of tea yield about 20 % of the foreign exchange proceeds. The tourist sector has lost on relevance due to the Tsunami in 2004 and due to the upcoming ethnic conflict. 4 The host institutes 4.1 International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC) The International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC) is a global research, development and training organisation which was established in 1992. It is a Partner Organisation to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Since 2005 ICUC is located in the complex of buildings of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in Sri Lanka (Colombo) and is working there independently. To describe the activities of ICUC the term “underutilised crops” has to be defined first: According to ICUC (2006) underutilised crops “are plant species which are used traditionally for their food, fibre, fodder, oil or medicinal properties. They have an under-exploited potential to contribute to food security, nutrition, health, income generation and environmental services.” The mission of the institute is “to promote the use of underutilised crops for the benefit of humankind and the environment to reduce poverty and suffering through the improvement and promotion of underutilised crops.” ICUC works in collaboration with many national and international partners and acts as a knowledge hub for tropical, sub-tropical and temperate plant development. The Industrial Technology Institute (ITI) is one of the partners ICUC is working with. 4.2 Industrial Technology Institute (ITI) The Industrial Technology Institute (ITI) is a Statutory Board, which came into existence as successor to the Ceylon Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (CISIR) on 1998. The ITI functions within the purview of the Ministry of Science and Technology. ITI provides 9
Page 1: Control of Post Harvest Disease (Bo
Page 4 and 5: List of Figures Figure 1: The Sri L
Page 6 and 7: 1 Summary Experiments were undertak
Page 8 and 9: 3 Sri Lanka The Democratic Socialis
Page 12 and 13: valuable consultations in industria
Page 14 and 15: Rambutan trees are either dioecious
Page 16 and 17: However, the most important genus i
Page 18 and 19: 6.2.1.2 Annona muricata Annona muri
Page 20 and 21: Figure 9: Annona squamosa Figure 10
Page 22 and 23: Characteristically for this fungus
Page 24 and 25: Figure 15: Phialides of Trichoderma
Page 26 and 27: autoclave is used for liquid steril
Page 28 and 29: Figure 21: Soil sampling in a rambu
Page 30 and 31: 9.1.4 Isolation of the pathogen Mat
Page 32 and 33: The effectivity of the BC-agent was
Page 34 and 35: Figure 29: Experimental series of a
Page 36 and 37: Two of the Trichoderma sp. with a h
Page 38 and 39: Results of the sporulation experime
Page 40 and 41: 12 References ALAM, M.S., BEGUM, M.
Page 42 and 43: ONG, P.K.C., ACREE, T.E. and LAVIN,
Page 44 and 45: Figure 36: List of bio-control agen
Page 46: Tmu III Galagedera • Mycelial gro

Botryodiplodia sp. - Crops for the Future

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