Botryodiplodia sp. - Crops for the Future

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Figure 9: Annona squamosa Figure 10: A red skinned variety of Annona squamosa 6.2.1.4 Annona reticulata DE Q. PINTO et al. (2005) considers that Annona reticulata is the most vigorous of the annona species described in this report. MORTON (1987b) however, reports that both in tree and in fruit the species is generally rated as the mediocre or “ugly duckling” species among the prominent members of the genus Annona. The common English name of Annona reticulata is bullock’s-heart or custard apple. In the past many people thought that the origin of the custard apple is West India but today it is proven that the plant is native to Central or northern South America (MORTON, 1987b, DE Q. PINTO et al., 2005 and MAHDEEM, 1994). Today the tree is found like the others afore described, in many tropical countries around the world. Annona reticulata grows well in tropical climates with cool winter times and prefers a humid atmosphere. The tree is tolerant to cold temperatures. According to MORTON (1987b) a fully grown custard apple tree survives temperatures of 2.8 °C without serious harm. Figure 11: Annona reticulata The deciduous Annona reticulata tree is small and tender with an open and irregular crown which can reach a height of 5 to 10 m. The alternate leaves are oblong or narrow-lanceolate, dark-green and glabrous with a length of 10 to 25 cm and a width of 2 to 7 cm. The flowers are similar in form to those of Annona squamosa and Annona cherimola. The only different is that they are generally grown in drooping clusters with 2 to 10 flowers. The 0.1 to 1 kg heavy fruit is commonly heart-shaped but sometimes different like oval, lopsided or nearly round (Figure 11). They are 8 to 15 cm in diameter, coriaceous and have a reddishyellow surface colour with impressed lines above the carpel. 18
The flesh is creamy-white with a juicy aromatic to hard flavour with a repulsive taste according to the cultivar. According to DE Q. PINTO et al. (2005) the custard apple is the least tasty fruit of the cultivated annona species. The seeds which are dark-brown or black in colour, oblong, smooth and less then 1.25 cm long are commonly more than 40 in number. 6.2.2 Main diseases According to DE Q. PINTO et al. (2005) are Annona trees attacked by a large number of insect pests and numerous diseases, although many of them are not economically important. The most important pests are aphids, mealy- and scale-bugs and fruit-flies (FRANKE, 1994). According to DE Q. PINTO et al. (2005) the annona moth (Cerconota annonella), commonly known as the “fruit borer” is the most important of the insect pests attacking Annona species. The most important root diseases caused by fungi are damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp.) and black root rot (Phytophthora spp., Cylindrocladium clavatum and Sclerotium rolfsii) (DE Q. PINTO et al., 2005). The bacterial wilt is also an important basal and root rot which affects mainly seedlings in nurseries and grafted trees in the field (PLOETZ, 2003). There are several diseases attacking the fruits of Annona species during pre and post harvest phases: anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata), black cancer (Phomopsis annonacearum), diplodia rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae), purple blotch (Phytophthora palmivora) and brown rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) (DE Q. PINTO et al., 2005 and PLOETZ, 2003). 6.2.3 Economics in Sri Lanka There is only little information available about the economic situation of annona species in Sri Lanka. In the course of his stay in Sri Lanka the reports author could not find any annona plantations. It seems that Annona trees are mostly planted in home gardens. The same situation could be seen on the markets where Annona species, especially soursop and sugar apple, were available but not in high quantities. By means of some market sellers cherimoya is imported to Sri Lanka in small quantities. 7 The disease (Botryodiplodia sp.) 7.1 Taxonomy Botryodiplodia sp. belong to the class of Ascomycetes and live in a saprophytic way. They are moulds which normally need injured tissue to parasite the plant. 19
Page 1: Control of Post Harvest Disease (Bo
Page 4 and 5: List of Figures Figure 1: The Sri L
Page 6 and 7: 1 Summary Experiments were undertak
Page 8 and 9: 3 Sri Lanka The Democratic Socialis
Page 10 and 11: 3.2 Climate The climate of Sri Lank
Page 12 and 13: valuable consultations in industria
Page 14 and 15: Rambutan trees are either dioecious
Page 16 and 17: However, the most important genus i
Page 18 and 19: 6.2.1.2 Annona muricata Annona muri
Page 22 and 23: Characteristically for this fungus
Page 24 and 25: Figure 15: Phialides of Trichoderma
Page 26 and 27: autoclave is used for liquid steril
Page 28 and 29: Figure 21: Soil sampling in a rambu
Page 30 and 31: 9.1.4 Isolation of the pathogen Mat
Page 32 and 33: The effectivity of the BC-agent was
Page 34 and 35: Figure 29: Experimental series of a
Page 36 and 37: Two of the Trichoderma sp. with a h
Page 38 and 39: Results of the sporulation experime
Page 40 and 41: 12 References ALAM, M.S., BEGUM, M.
Page 42 and 43: ONG, P.K.C., ACREE, T.E. and LAVIN,
Page 44 and 45: Figure 36: List of bio-control agen
Page 46: Tmu III Galagedera • Mycelial gro

Botryodiplodia sp. - Crops for the Future

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