SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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Contents xiii Generic MySQL Binary Search Inference Exploits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Generic MySQL Bit-by-Bit Inference Exploits.................. 237 SQL Server Delays. ....................................... 238 Generic SQL Server Binary Search Inference Exploits. ........... 240 Generic SQL Server Bit-by-Bit Inference Exploits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Oracle Delays .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Time-Based Inference Considerations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Using Response-Based Techniques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 MySQL Response Techniques. ................................. 242 SQL Server Response Techniques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Oracle Response Techniques.................................... 246 Returning More Than One Bit of Information.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Using Alternative Channels. ...................................... 249 Database Connections. ....................................... 250 DNS Exfiltration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 E-mail Exfiltration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 HTTP Exfiltration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Automating Blind SQL Injection Exploitation. ........................ 258 Absinthe .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 BSQL Hacker .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 SQLBrute .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Sqlninja.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Squeeza.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Summary. ................................................... 267 Solutions Fast Track.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Frequently Asked Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Chapter 6 Exploiting the Operating System........................ 271 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Accessing the File System......................................... 273 Reading Files............................................... 273 MySQL. ............................................... 274 Microsoft SQL Server .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Oracle.................................................. 289 Writing Files.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 MySQL. ............................................... 292 Microsoft SQL Server .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Oracle.................................................. 300 Executing Operating System Commands. ............................ 301 Direct Execution .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
xiv Contents Oracle.................................................. 301 DBMS_SCHEDULER................................... 302 PL/SQL Native. ....................................... 302 Other Possibilities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Alter System Set Events................................... 303 PL/SQL Native 9i. ..................................... 303 Buffer Overflows. ...................................... 304 Custom Application Code................................. 304 MySQL. ............................................... 304 Microsoft SQL Server .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Consolidating Access .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Summary. ................................................... 312 Solutions Fast Track.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Frequently Asked Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Endnotes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Chapter 7 Advanced Topics .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Evading Input Filters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Using Case Variation. ........................................ 319 Using SQL Comments........................................ 319 Using URL Encoding .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Using Dynamic Query Execution................................ 322 Using Null Bytes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Nesting Stripped Expressions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Exploiting Truncation......................................... 324 Bypassing Custom Filters .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Using Non-Standard Entry Points................................ 327 Exploiting Second-Order SQL Injection. ............................ 329 Finding Second-Order Vulnerabilities. ............................ 332 Using Hybrid Attacks. .......................................... 335 Leveraging Captured Data. .................................... 335 Creating Cross-Site Scripting .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Running Operating System Commands on Oracle .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Exploiting Authenticated Vulnerabilities............................ 337 Summary. ................................................... 338 Solutions Fast Track.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Frequently Asked Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Page 2 and 3: Justin Clarke Lead Author and Techn
Page 4 and 5: Lead Author and Technical Editor Ju
Page 6 and 7: exploiting, and correcting software
Page 8 and 9: Dafydd Stuttard is the author of th
Page 10 and 11: Contents Chapter 1 What Is SQL Inje
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi LAPSE. ................
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv Chapter 8 Code-Level De
Page 18 and 19: Contents xvii Increase the Verbosit
Page 20 and 21: Contents xix Ingres Cheat Sheet....
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1 What Is SQL Injection? So
Page 24 and 25: What Is SQL Injection? • Chapter
Page 30 and 31: execute the query against the datab
Page 38 and 39: Incorrectly Handled Query Assembly
Page 40 and 41: } } reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(); r
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Testing for SQL Injection
Page 52 and 53: Testing for SQL Injection • Chapt
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SELECT * FROM products WHERE idprod
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Testing for SQL Injection • Chapt
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Figure 2.15 Exploitation Terminatin
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Time Delays Testing for SQL Injecti
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Summary Testing for SQL Injection
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Chapter 3 Reviewing Code for SQL In
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Reviewing Code for SQL Injection
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mssql_bind() − adds a parameter t
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OdbcCommand() − used to construct
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Reviewing PL/SQL and T-SQL Code Rev
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ URL: ht
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■■ ■■ Platform: Windows Pri
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Summary Reviewing Code for SQL Inje
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Frequently Asked Questions Reviewin
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Chapter 4 Exploiting SQL Injection
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Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapte
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Approach 3: Content-based Exploitin
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Error Messages in Oracle Exploiting
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MySQL Exploiting SQL Injection •
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Such a query will return output sim
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SELECT name,spare4 FROM sys.user$ w
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[+] Bruteforcing the sa password. T
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select user_name,web_password_raw f
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HTTP/DNS Exploiting SQL Injection
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Summary Exploiting SQL Injection
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Escalating Privileges Exploiting SQ
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Chapter 5 Blind SQL Injection Explo
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Blind SQL Injection Exploitation
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Common Blind SQL Injection Scenario
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1. Is the byte greater than 127? No
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Using Time-Based Techniques Blind S
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SELECT * FROM unknowntable UNION SE
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Figure 5.13 Extracting Database Log
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Summary Blind SQL Injection Exploit
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Chapter 6 Exploiting the Operating
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Exploiting the Operating System •
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[operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)
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Figure 6.13 Enabling CLR Integratio
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Oracle Exploiting the Operating Sys
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) c / ) ) ), bfilename('GETPWDIR',
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As expected, this creates sp.txt fi
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2 443 [+] Calling msfpayload3 to c
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DBMS_ADVISOR is probably the shorte
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE q'!drop directory
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Microsoft SQL Server Exploiting the
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Figure 6.22 Creating an UNSAFE Bina
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Executing Operating System Commands
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Endnotes Exploiting the Operating S
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Chapter 7 Advanced Topics Solutions
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Using Case Variation Advanced Topic
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4. The application URL decodes the
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 323 D
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 325 I
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 327 w
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 329 N
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 331 m
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 333 1
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Using Hybrid Attacks Advanced Topic
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Exploiting Authenticated Vulnerabil
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 339
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Chapter 8 Code-Level Defenses Solut
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Code-Level Defenses • Chapter 8 3
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END; Execute immediate 'SELECT coun
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Validating Input in Java Code-Level
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UTL_SMTP.HELO(v_connection,'mailhos
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Summary Code-Level Defenses • Cha
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Chapter 9 Platform-Level Defenses S
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Platform-Level Defenses • Chapter
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Figure 9.3 Whitelist Rule to Patch
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Application Filters Platform-Level
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Use Strong Cryptography to Protect
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Additional Deployment Consideration
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Chapter 10 References Solutions in
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References • Chapter 10 417 For t
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References • Chapter 10 419 It is
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GROUP BY Statement References • C
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References • Chapter 10 423 you a
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References • Chapter 10 425 Table
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Blind SQL Injection Functions: Micr
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References • Chapter 10 429 the S
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Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Hashes Re
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References • Chapter 10 435 If MA
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TYPE oracle_loader DEFAULT DIRECTOR
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References • Chapter 10 441 When
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Table 10.20 Continued. Troubleshoot
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Enumerating Database Configuration
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Local File Access References • Ch
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References • Chapter 10 451 Infor
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Referen
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Troubleshooting SQL Injection Attac
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A abstract syntax tree (AST), 125 a
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Index 461 confirming and terminatin
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Index 463 errors application error,
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Index 465 intercepting filters appl
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Index 467 APEX, 196-197 Oracle inte
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Index 469 mysql_query( ) function,
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Index 471 blind SQL injection funct
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Index 473 transformation functions,
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